Turkey–Russia Relations: Complex Cooperation

Abstract

After five centuries of rivalry and hostility, Turkey–Russia relations appeared to have begun a new and more positive phase in the early 2000s, characterised by cooperation. However, this trend was rudely interrupted by the warplane incident that took place on 24 November 2015; when a Turkish fighter jet shot down a Russian aircraft near the Turkey–Syria border. After a seven-month break in relations, a “normalisation” process has started with the aim of overcoming the negative effects of the incident. © 2020, The Author(s).