A multi-objective and CFD based optimization of roof-flap geometry and position for simultaneous drag and lift reduction

Abstract

As the transport sector is responsible for the consumption of a vast proportion of the oil produced, it is mandatory to research feasible solutions to tackle this issue. The application of aerodynamic attachments for passive flow control and reducing resisting aerodynamic forces such as drag and lift is one of the most practicable ways to minimize vehicle energy consumption. The flaps are one of the most innovative aerodynamic attachments that can enhance the flow motion in the boundary layer at the trailing edge of the wings. In the present paper, the flap is designed and modeled for controlling the airflow at the roof-end of a 2D Ahmed body model, inspired by the schematic of the flap at the trailing edge of the wing. As a result, the flap 's geometry and position from the roof -end of the car model are parameterized, which leads to having four design variables. The objective functions of the present study are the vehicle 's drag coefficient and lift coefficient. 25 Design of Experiment (DOE) points are considered enabling the Box-Behnken method. Then, each DOE point is modeled in the computational domain, and the flow -field around the model is simulated using Ansys Fluent software. The results obtained for the DOE points are employed by different regressors, and the relation between design variables and objective functions is extracted using GMDH-ANN. The GMDH-ANN is then coupled with three types of optimization algorithms, among which the Genetic algorithm proves to have the most ideal coupling process for optimization. Finally, after analyzing the variations in the geometry and position of the roof flap from the car roof -end, the roof -flap with specifications of L = 0.1726 m, a = 5.0875 degrees , H = 0.0188 m, and d = 0.241 m can optimize the car drag and lift coefficients by 21.27% and 19.91%, respectively. The present research discusses the opportunities and challenges of optimal design roof -flap geometry and its influence on car aerodynamic performance. <feminine ordinal indicator> 2024 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY -NC -ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-nd/4.0/).