Sex Prediction Using Geometric Morphometry with Parameters Obtained from the Orbit, Nasal Bone and Pyriforme Aperture

Abstract

Sex-related changes in the morphometry of the orbit and upper face is an important topic in plastic surgery, forensic sciences and basic medical sciences. With this hypothesis, the aim of this study is to estimate sex using geometric morphometry method with parameters obtained from orbits, nasal bone and pyriforme aperture. The study was performed on Computed Tomography images of 326 individuals aged 25-65 years. The images were three-dimensionalized and superimposed. The real magnification images were then converted to TPS format and 19 homologous landmarks were added to the images. Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) was applied to the obtained coordinates and repositioned around the center of gravity. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to the new data positioned around the center of gravity to reduce the dimensionality. Linear discriminate analysis (LDA) was applied to the dimensionality-reduced images to obtain sex estimation accuracy. The study found that 77.126 % of the coordinates gathered around the center of gravity could be explained by the first 3 Principal Component (PCs). LDA analysis applied to the new coordinates yielded a 96.01 % sex prediction rate. As a result of the study, a high accuracy rate was obtained in terms of sex prediction using geometric morphometry method with parameters obtained from the orbit, nasal bone and pyriforme aperture. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.