Beta-Voltaic Nuclear Batteries - Review of Recent Developments, Challenges and Future Research Directions

Abstract

With its high energy density, extended service life, robust anti-interference capability, compact size, low weight, and ease of integration, beta-voltaic batteries which transform decay energy from radioisotope sources into electrical energy have gained interest from researchers over the years. However, there is currently no study that provides a comprehensive overview of studies on the topic using the systematic and bibliometric review approach. This study thus provides a comprehensive bibliometric and systematic review of beta-voltaic technology from 2000 to 2024, revealing an annual growth rate of 8.76 % in research publications. Key research themes include nuclear batteries, gallium nitride, silicon carbide, and nanotechnology, with emerging themes including radiation remediation and micro nuclear batteries for medical implants. Despite their high energy density and long-term reliability, beta-voltaic batteries face technical, environmental, and social challenges, including low power output, inefficiencies, radioactive decay management, limited availability of isotopes, high production costs, and public mistrust in nuclear technology.