Psychological resilience in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome: effect of involvement of major salivary and lacrimal glands

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess whether the involvement of major salivary and lacrimal glands in primary Sj & ouml;gren's syndrome (pSS) affected the psychological resilience of patients. This cross-sectional study included 116 patients with pSS. Data were collected through clinical examinations, measurement of salivary flow rates (SFRs), and from Schirmer's test, as well as from patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), such as the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Sj & ouml;gren's Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI), Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI), Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Hyposalivation was defined as an unstimulated SFR of <= 0.1 mL/min. The BRS score (mean +/- SD = 2.60 +/- 0.69) was lower in patients with recurrent parotitis (2.11 +/- 0.37) than in those without recurrent parotitis (2.67 +/- 0.86), in the whole group. In patients with an unacceptable symptom state (ESSPRI score >= 5 points), a lower BRS score was observed in patients with both hyposalivation and ocular dryness (2.59 +/- 0.69) than in patients with isolated hyposalivation (2.84 +/- 0.84). The BRS score was also negatively associated with the WPAI-Daily Impairment and OHIP-14 scores in patients with hyposalivation as well as with HADS-A (the seven items of HADS relating to the anxiety dimension) and HADS-D (the seven items of HADS relating to the depression dimension) in the whole group. The results suggest that psychological resilience in pSS may be affected by recurrent parotitis, the levels of anxiety and depression, as well as hyposalivation with ocular dryness.