Eski Musul şehirinde geleneksel mekansal sistemin koruma metodolojisi
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2024
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Pek çok tarihi ve kültürel mirası barındıran kent, çeşitli doğal ve beşeri etkenler nedeniyle sürekli olarak bozulma ve yok olma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalmış, bu durum mimari değeri yüksek pek çok tarihi yapının kaybına neden olmuştur. Böylece doğal afetler, sürekli savaşlar ve bakımsızlık nedeniyle pek çok tarihi kent kültürel kimliğini kaybetmiştir. Mimarlık, kültürel ve toplumsal değerlerin gerçek bir yansımasıdır ve fiziksel bir yapının yokluğu ve yok olması, mekânın toplumsal yapısının, kültürel kimliğinin ve kolektif hafızasının da yok olması anlamına gelir. Eski Musul şehri, çeşitli sosyal, kültürel ve mimari mirasa sahip en önemli tarihi şehirlerden biri olarak kabul edilir. Şehrin kuruluşundan bu yana yerleşen farklı millet ve dinleri bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Sağlam ve uyumlu komşuluk bağları onları birbirine bağlar. Tatilleri ve etkinlikleri paylaşırlar. Kendilerini farklı kılan dini gelenek ve görenekleri taşırlar ve şehri karakterize eden gelenek ve sosyal davranışları paylaşırlar. Kentin varlık sürecinde pek çok farklı süreç yaşayan Musul, sosyal özelliğin yanı sıra geleneksel unsurlarını, onu farklı kılan sosyal ve mimari çeşitliliğinin kaybıyla sonuçlanan savaş karşı karşıya kaldığı son deneyimdi. Bu nedenle, kültürel mirasla ilgilenen uluslararası ve yerel kuruluşlar, kentin restore edilmesi ve yok olmaktan kurtarılması konusuna önem vermesi gerekmektedir. Öte yandan kentsel korumanın amacı, II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında kentlerin ve tarihi varlıkların yok olmasını azaltmak, yok olan tarihi yeniden canlandırmak ve kimliği korumak amacıyla birçok kentin, tarihi ve miras eserinin yok edilmesini önlemektir. Tarihi ve miras değeri olan şehirler.binalar ve yapılar ile ilgili genel koşulları tanımlayan belirli temeller ve uluslararası sözleşmeler oluşturarak, tarihi kentlerin devamlılığını ve hayatta kalmasını sağlayan, sürekli düşüş ve yok oluş belirtilerini durduran ve mirasla sürekli iletişimi sağlayan birçok farklı koruma yöntem ve stratejisini benimsemiştir. Öte yandan toplulukların kültürel kimlikleri de mekânın fiziksel çevresinin şekillenmesine katkı sağlamaktadır. Tarihi yapılar ve şehirler toplumun gelenek, görenek ve kültürel inançlarını yansıttığı için fiziksel yapıyla yakından ilgilidir. Toplumu korumak, mekanı korumanın ön şartıdır. Mekanı korumak, kişi ve mekan arasındaki ilişkiyi korumakla başlar. Bu ilişki konut birimi içerisinde başlamaktadır. Aile, toplumun çekirdeği, sosyal yapının temel birimi ve nesiller arası kültürel ve sosyal kimliğin ilk taşıyıcısı olarak kabul edilir. Bu çalışma, eski şehrin kültürel ve maddi mirasının korunması çerçevesinde korunması ve yaşatılması gereken, eski şehrin kültürel, sosyal ve maddi mirasının inşasında temel birim olarak eski Musul kentindeki geleneksel evlere odaklanmaktadır. şehir. Musul'daki geleneksel evlerin mimari ve sosyal yapısına ilişkin net bir algının olmayışı, bize koruma metodolojisi konusunda yol gösterici olabilir. Araştırmanın amacı, savaş sonrası Musul tarihi kentinin zengin kültürel mirasını korumak için oluşan mimari ve sosyal yönlerin analiz edilmesi, konut birimindeki mimari ve sosyal unsurlar arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi ve değerlendirilmesiyle sonuçlanan bir yöntem geliştirmek hedeflenmiştir. Araştırmanın amacına ulaşmak için, konut biriminin fiziksel ve sosyal özelliklerinin (toplumsal yapı) analiz edildiği konut biriminin yapısal analizi aşaması da dahil olmak üzere üç ana aşamaya ayrılan bir dizi araştırma adımı esas alınmıştır. Geleneksel evlerin mimari yönleri ve kapasiteleri ile ilgili sorunları teşhis etmek için analiz edilir ve bilinir. İkinci aşama, toplanan verilerin ve çalışma için seçilen kentsel gerçekliğin değerlendirildiği, eski kentin mimari, kültürel ve sosyal açıdan geçirdiği değişimlerin belirlendiği değerlendirme aşamasını, ardından karar verme aşamasını temsil etmektedir. Optimum stratejiye ulaşmak için problem belirli mimari, sosyal, tarihsel ve ekonomik kavramlara göre yeniden formüle edilip, Tarihi kentin kültürel ve mimari kimliğinin korunmasına yönelik olası koruma stratejilerine karar verilerek olası sonuçları ortaya konulmaktadır. Geleneksel evlerin analizi sonucunda eski kentin kültürel ve maddi mirasını doğrudan ve dolaylı düzeyleriyle korumak için kullanılan stratejilerin birbiriyle örtüştüğü ve aynı zamanda toplanan verilerin niteliğine göre takip edildiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Geleneksel evler, koruma süreçlerinde karar verme aşamasının yanı sıra kullanılan koruma yöntemini de belirler. Geleneksel şehirde, verilere ve onun yönetimine dayalı. Sonuçlar öz olarak ' Eski Musul Şehri'ndeki Çeşitlilik ve Mimari Zenginlik, Şehirdeki Sosyal ve Kültürel Çeşitlilikten kaynaklanmaktadır, 1. Konut birimi, Mimari ve Sosyal birimden oluşur, 2. Aile ve Kullanıcı' şeklindeki ana araştırma hipotezini desteklemektedir, 3. geleneksel Kent, mimari ve sosyal yönlerin korunmasında önemli bir role sahiptir'. Anahtar Kelimeler: Geleneksel evler, sosyal yapı, mimari yapı, koruma, eski Musul şehri.
Many historical and heritage cities suffered from continuous deterioration and extinction due to various natural or human factors, which were the cause of the loss of many historical buildings of high heritage and architectural value. Thus, many historical cities lost their cultural identity due to natural disasters, continuous wars, and neglect. Architecture is a true reflection of cultural and social values, and the absence of a physical structure and its extinction means the lack of a social structure, cultural identity, and collective memory of the place. The old city of Mosul is considered one of the most important historical cities with a diverse social, cultural, and architectural heritage. It contains different nationalities and religions that have settled in the city since its founding. Robust and cohesive neighborhood ties link them. They share holidays and events. They carry the religious customs and traditions that distinguish them and share the customs and social behavior that characterize the city. This city was exposed to multiple effects of which the last one was the war that ended by the loss of many its cultural and social characteristics and traditional elements and the social and architectural diversity that distinguishes it. So, the international and local organizations concerned with cultural heritage should pay attention to the city to restore it and save it from disappearing. On the other hand, urban conservation emerged after World War II and the destruction of many cities and historical and heritage monuments to reduce the disappearance of towns and heritage buildings, restore the destroyed history, and preserve identity. It has adopted many different methods and strategies for conservation, which ensure the continuity and survival of historical cities, stopping manifestations of continuous decline and extinction and achieving constant communication with heritage by setting specific foundations and international conventions that define general conditions for dealing with buildings and cities of historical and heritage value. Futhermore, the cultural identity of the communities contributes to shaping the physical environment of the place. It is closely related to the physical structure, as the historic buildings and cities reflect the community's customs, traditions, and cultural beliefs. Preserving the community is a prerequisite for protecting the place. Conserving the place begins with keeping the relationship between the person and the place. This relationship starts within the housing unit. The family is considered the nucleus of society, the basic unit of the social structure, and the first carrier of cultural and social identity between generations. The current study focuses on the traditional houses in the old city of Mosul as the basic unit for building the old city's cultural, social, and material heritage, which must be preserved and perpetuated within the framework of protecting the cultural and material heritage of the old city. The absence of a clear perception regarding the architectural and social structure of the traditional houses in Mosul can provide us with a guideline for the conservation methodology. The research objective focused on analyzing and evaluating the architectural and social aspects that formed to preserve the rich cultural heritage of the ancient city of Mosul after the war. And the study of the interrelationship between the architectural and social elements in the housing unit. A set of research steps were relied upon to achieve the goal of the research, which were divided into three main stages, including the stage of structural analysis of the housing unit, through which the physical and social characteristics of the housing unit (the social structure and architectural structure) of traditional houses are analyzed and known, to diagnose the problems facing the architectural aspects and their capabilities. The second stage represents the evaluation stage, through which the collected data and the urban reality chosen for the study are evaluated, and the changes in the architectural, cultural, and social aspects witnessed by the old city are identified, then the decision-making stage which the problem is reformulated according to specific architectural, social, historical and economic concepts to reach the optimal strategy. And decide on possible conservation strategies and putting possible conclusions in preserving the cultural and architectural identity of the ancient city. It emerged from the analysis of the traditional houses that the strategies used to preserve the cultural and material heritage of the old city with its direct and indirect levels overlap with each other and are followed at the same time according to the nature of the data collected on the traditional houses, in addition to the decision-making stage in the preservation processes that determine the method of preservation used. In the conventional city, based on data and its management. The conclusions supported the main research hypothesis that ' The Diversity and Architectural Richness in the Old City of Mosul are due to the Social and Cultural Diversity in the City1. The Housing unit consists of an Architecture and a Social unit2. The Family and the User within the traditional City have a prominent and essential role in conserving the architectural and social aspects3'. Keywords: Traditional houses, social structure, architectural structure, conservation, old Mosul city
Many historical and heritage cities suffered from continuous deterioration and extinction due to various natural or human factors, which were the cause of the loss of many historical buildings of high heritage and architectural value. Thus, many historical cities lost their cultural identity due to natural disasters, continuous wars, and neglect. Architecture is a true reflection of cultural and social values, and the absence of a physical structure and its extinction means the lack of a social structure, cultural identity, and collective memory of the place. The old city of Mosul is considered one of the most important historical cities with a diverse social, cultural, and architectural heritage. It contains different nationalities and religions that have settled in the city since its founding. Robust and cohesive neighborhood ties link them. They share holidays and events. They carry the religious customs and traditions that distinguish them and share the customs and social behavior that characterize the city. This city was exposed to multiple effects of which the last one was the war that ended by the loss of many its cultural and social characteristics and traditional elements and the social and architectural diversity that distinguishes it. So, the international and local organizations concerned with cultural heritage should pay attention to the city to restore it and save it from disappearing. On the other hand, urban conservation emerged after World War II and the destruction of many cities and historical and heritage monuments to reduce the disappearance of towns and heritage buildings, restore the destroyed history, and preserve identity. It has adopted many different methods and strategies for conservation, which ensure the continuity and survival of historical cities, stopping manifestations of continuous decline and extinction and achieving constant communication with heritage by setting specific foundations and international conventions that define general conditions for dealing with buildings and cities of historical and heritage value. Futhermore, the cultural identity of the communities contributes to shaping the physical environment of the place. It is closely related to the physical structure, as the historic buildings and cities reflect the community's customs, traditions, and cultural beliefs. Preserving the community is a prerequisite for protecting the place. Conserving the place begins with keeping the relationship between the person and the place. This relationship starts within the housing unit. The family is considered the nucleus of society, the basic unit of the social structure, and the first carrier of cultural and social identity between generations. The current study focuses on the traditional houses in the old city of Mosul as the basic unit for building the old city's cultural, social, and material heritage, which must be preserved and perpetuated within the framework of protecting the cultural and material heritage of the old city. The absence of a clear perception regarding the architectural and social structure of the traditional houses in Mosul can provide us with a guideline for the conservation methodology. The research objective focused on analyzing and evaluating the architectural and social aspects that formed to preserve the rich cultural heritage of the ancient city of Mosul after the war. And the study of the interrelationship between the architectural and social elements in the housing unit. A set of research steps were relied upon to achieve the goal of the research, which were divided into three main stages, including the stage of structural analysis of the housing unit, through which the physical and social characteristics of the housing unit (the social structure and architectural structure) of traditional houses are analyzed and known, to diagnose the problems facing the architectural aspects and their capabilities. The second stage represents the evaluation stage, through which the collected data and the urban reality chosen for the study are evaluated, and the changes in the architectural, cultural, and social aspects witnessed by the old city are identified, then the decision-making stage which the problem is reformulated according to specific architectural, social, historical and economic concepts to reach the optimal strategy. And decide on possible conservation strategies and putting possible conclusions in preserving the cultural and architectural identity of the ancient city. It emerged from the analysis of the traditional houses that the strategies used to preserve the cultural and material heritage of the old city with its direct and indirect levels overlap with each other and are followed at the same time according to the nature of the data collected on the traditional houses, in addition to the decision-making stage in the preservation processes that determine the method of preservation used. In the conventional city, based on data and its management. The conclusions supported the main research hypothesis that ' The Diversity and Architectural Richness in the Old City of Mosul are due to the Social and Cultural Diversity in the City1. The Housing unit consists of an Architecture and a Social unit2. The Family and the User within the traditional City have a prominent and essential role in conserving the architectural and social aspects3'. Keywords: Traditional houses, social structure, architectural structure, conservation, old Mosul city
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