D vitamini yetersizliği olan yetişkinlerde UV-C ile D vitamini içeriği zenginleştirilen mantarın biyokimyasal bulgulara etkisi
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2024
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D vitamini, kemik sağlığı için gerekli yağda çözünen bir vitamindir. İskelet sağlığı dışında, organ fonksiyonu ve hastalıkların önlenmesinde de önemlidir. D vitamininin doğal ana kaynağı, ultraviyole (UV) B ışığına maruz kalma yoluyla dermal sentezdir. Küçük bir kısmı ise besinlerle beraber zenginleştirilmemiş gıdalardan alınır. Mantarlar doğal olarak D vitamini içeren bitkisel besinlerdir. Son yıllarda UV ışınlanması ile mantarlarda ve ekmek mayasında endojen D vitamini içeriğinin arttığı belirlenmiştir. UV teknolojileri kullanılarak zenginleştirilen mantarlardaki D vitamini, güneş ışığına maruz kalan mantarlardaki D vitaminiyle eşdeğer olup, güvenli ve pazara sunulmaya uygun bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Arçelik A.Ş. tarafından geliştirilen teknoloji ile Vitamin D içeriği zenginleştirilmiş istiridye mantarı (Pleurotus ostreatus) ve tam buğday ekmeğinin D vitamini eksikliği olan yetişkin bireylerin biyokimyasal bulguları üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma 8 Şubat 2023 ile 22 Mart 2023 tarihleri arasında T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Fatih Sultan Mehmet Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesinde çalışan 35 kişi ile yürütülmüştür. Üçlü kör, randomize, plasebo kontrollü yürütülen bu çalışmada serum 25-hidroksivitamin D (25(OH)D) <30μg/L olan ve kronik hastalığı olmayan katılımcılar rastgele dört gruba ayrılmıştır. Bu gruplar; zenginleştirilmiş mantar + normal ekmek (ZM+NE), zenginleştirilmiş mantar + zenginleştirilmiş ekmek (ZM+ZE), normal mantar + normal ekmek + takviye (NM+NE+S) ve normal mantar + normal ekmek (NM+NE) olarak belirlenmiştir. Sırasıyla 'zenginleştirilmiş mantar çorbası yoluyla 2000 IU (50 μg) D2 vitamini', 'zenginleştirilmiş mantar çorbası yoluyla 1600IU (40μg) D2 + zenginleştirilmiş ekmek yoluyla 400 IU (10 μg) D2', 'besin takviyesi yoluyla normal mantar çorbası içine 2000 IU (50 μg) D3 vitamini + normal ekmek' ile 'normal mantar çorbası ve normal ekmek (plasebo)' katılımcılara 6 hafta boyunca her gün verilmiştir. Altı hafta sonunda, serum 25(OH)D, ZM+ZE grubunda plasebo grubundan önemli ölçüde daha yüksek çıkmıştır (p<0,001). ZM+NE, ZM+ZE ve NM+NE+S gruplarındaki serum 25(OH)D konsantrasyonları, çalışma başlangıcında sırayla 10,2 μg/L, 9,9 μg/L, 10,5 μg/L'den ; 6 hafta sonunda 18,1 μg/L, 19,2 μg/L, 21,4 μg/L'ye (%95 güven aralığı) yükselmiştir. Altı hafta sonunda, ZM+NE, ZM+ZE ve NM+NE+S gruplarındaki bireylerin serum D vitamini seviyeleri başlangıç durumuna göre sırasıyla 1,7 kat, 2,2 kat ve 2,3 kat artış göstermiştir. D2 vitamini değerleri ise ZM+NE ve ZM+ZE gruplarında başlangıç seviyelerine göre 6. haftada istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede yükselmiş, grupların kendi içerisinde ise anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmamıştır. Altı hafta sonunda, ZM+NE ve ZM+ZE gruplarındaki bireylerin D2 vitamini seviyeleri başlangıç durumuna göre sırasıyla 9,1 kat ve 12,9 kat artış göstermiştir. Diğer iki grubun D2 değerlerinde yükselme gözlenmemiştir. Kalsiyum değerlerinde ise başlangıç ve 6. hafta sonuçları kıyaslandığında D vitamini ölçümü artan ZM+ZE, ZM+NE ve NM+NE+S gruplarında kalsiyum değerlerinin de anlamlı şekilde arttığı belirlenmiştir. Ancak gruplar arasında anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmamıştır. Parathormon değerleri ise D vitaminin yükselmesi ve kalsiyumun kanda artması ile 6. haftada başlangıca göre ZM+NE ve ZM+ZE grubunda anlamlı düzeyde düşmüştür. Ancak besin takviyesi alan grupta herhangi bir etki gözlenmemiştir. Çalışmanın bitiminden 4 hafta sonra vitamin D2 ölçümlerinde 10. haftada 6. haftaya göre ZM+ZE grubu ile ZM+NE grubunda anlamlı bir düşüş gözlensede serum 25(OH)D vitamini düzeylerinde bu gruplarda anlamlı bir değişiklik saptanmamıştır. NM+NE+S grubunda ise 6. haftaya göre 10. haftada serum 25(OH)D düzeyinde anlamlı bir düşüş saptanmıştır. Kalsiyum değerlerinde ise sadece ZM+NE grubunda 10. haftada anlamlı bir düşüş görülürken yine bu grupta parathormon düzeylerinde anlamlı bir yükseliş gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma insanlarda, UV-C uygulaması yoluyla D2 vitamini ile zenginleştirilmiş istiridye mantarından ve zenginleştirilmiş tam buğday ekmeğinden elde edilen D2 vitamininin biyoyararlanımının, D vitamini eksikliğini gidermede etkili olduğunu ve 6 haftalık sonuçların aynı miktarda D3 vitamini takviyesinden farklı olmadığını göstermiştir. Ancak UV-C ile zenginleştirilmiş ekmek ve mantarın insanlardaki vitamin D değeri üzerine etkilerini daha iyi anlamak ve bu gıdaların potansiyel faydalarını optimize etmek için farklı popülasyonlar ve farklı gıda matrislerinde ileriye dönük daha büyük çaplı çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for bone health. Apart from skeletal health, it is also important for organ function and disease prevention. The main natural source of vitamin D is dermal synthesis through exposure to ultraviolet (UV) B light. A small proportion is obtained from unfortified foods in the diet. Mushrooms are plant foods that naturally contain vitamin D. In recent years, UV irradiation has been found to increase endogenous vitamin D content in mushrooms and baker's yeast. Vitamin D in mushrooms enriched using UV light technologies is equivalent to vitamin D in mushrooms exposed to sunlight and has been found to be safe and suitable for market. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and whole wheat bread enriched with vitamin D content with the technology developed by Arçelik A.Ş. on the biochemical findings of adult individuals with vitamin D deficiency. The study was conducted between February 8, 2023 and March 22, 2023 with 35 people working in Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Ministry of Health. In this triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, participants with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) <30μg/L and without chronic disease were randomly divided into four groups. These groups were enriched mushroom + normal bread (ZM+NE), enriched mushroom + enriched bread (ZM+ZE), normal mushroom + normal bread + supplement (NM+NE+S) and normal mushroom + normal bread (NM+NE). Participants were given '2000 IU (50 μg) vitamin D2 via enriched mushroom soup', '1600IU (40 μg) D2 via enriched mushroom soup + 400 IU (10 μg) D2 via enriched bread', '2000 IU (50 μg) vitamin D3 via dietary supplementation into normal mushroom soup + normal bread', and 'normal mushroom soup and normal bread (placebo)' every day for 6 weeks. At the end of six weeks, serum 25(OH)D was significantly higher in the ZM+ZE group than in the placebo group (p<0.001). Serum 25(OH)D concentrations in the ZM+NE, ZM+ZE and NM+NE+S groups increased from 10.2 μg/L, 9.9 μg/L, 10.5 μg/L at the beginning of the study to 18.1 μg/L, 19.2 μg/L, 21.4 μg/L (95% confidence interval) at the end of 6 weeks, respectively. At the end of six weeks, serum vitamin D levels of individuals in the ZM+NE, ZM+ZE and NM+NE+S groups increased 1.7-fold, 2.2-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively, compared to baseline. Vitamin D2 values increased statistically significantly in the ZM+NE and ZE+ZE groups at week 6 compared to the baseline levels, while no significant difference was found within the groups. At the end of six weeks, vitamin D2 levels of individuals in the ZM+NE and ZM+ZE bread groups increased 9.1-fold and 12.9-fold, respectively, compared to baseline. No increase was observed in the D2 levels of the other two groups. In calcium values, when the baseline and 6th week results were compared, it was determined that calcium values also increased significantly in the ZM+ZE, ZM+NE and NM+NE+S groups. However, no significant difference was found between the groups. Parathormone values decreased significantly in the ZM+NE and ZM+ZE groups compared to the baseline at week 6 with the increase in vitamin D and calcium in the blood. However, no effect was observed in the group receiving nutritional supplements. Although a significant decrease was observed in vitamin D2 measurements 4 weeks after the end of the study in the ZM+ZE group and in the ZM+NE group at week 10 compared to week 6, no significant change was found in serum 25(OH)D vitamin D levels in these groups. In the NM+NE+S, there was a significant decrease in serum 25(OH)D levels at week 10 compared to week 6. In calcium levels, a significant decrease was observed only in the ZM+NE group at week 10, while a significant increase in parathormone levels was observed in this group. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the bioavailability of vitamin D2 from vitamin D2-enriched oyster mushrooms and vitamin D2 from enriched whole wheat bread via UV-C application was effective in correcting vitamin D deficiency in humans and that the 6-week results were not different from the same amount of vitamin D3 supplementation. However, further large-scale prospective studies in different populations and different food matrices are needed to better understand the effects of UV-C-enriched bread and mushrooms on vitamin D value in humans and to optimize the potential benefits of these foods.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for bone health. Apart from skeletal health, it is also important for organ function and disease prevention. The main natural source of vitamin D is dermal synthesis through exposure to ultraviolet (UV) B light. A small proportion is obtained from unfortified foods in the diet. Mushrooms are plant foods that naturally contain vitamin D. In recent years, UV irradiation has been found to increase endogenous vitamin D content in mushrooms and baker's yeast. Vitamin D in mushrooms enriched using UV light technologies is equivalent to vitamin D in mushrooms exposed to sunlight and has been found to be safe and suitable for market. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and whole wheat bread enriched with vitamin D content with the technology developed by Arçelik A.Ş. on the biochemical findings of adult individuals with vitamin D deficiency. The study was conducted between February 8, 2023 and March 22, 2023 with 35 people working in Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital, Ministry of Health. In this triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, participants with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) <30μg/L and without chronic disease were randomly divided into four groups. These groups were enriched mushroom + normal bread (ZM+NE), enriched mushroom + enriched bread (ZM+ZE), normal mushroom + normal bread + supplement (NM+NE+S) and normal mushroom + normal bread (NM+NE). Participants were given '2000 IU (50 μg) vitamin D2 via enriched mushroom soup', '1600IU (40 μg) D2 via enriched mushroom soup + 400 IU (10 μg) D2 via enriched bread', '2000 IU (50 μg) vitamin D3 via dietary supplementation into normal mushroom soup + normal bread', and 'normal mushroom soup and normal bread (placebo)' every day for 6 weeks. At the end of six weeks, serum 25(OH)D was significantly higher in the ZM+ZE group than in the placebo group (p<0.001). Serum 25(OH)D concentrations in the ZM+NE, ZM+ZE and NM+NE+S groups increased from 10.2 μg/L, 9.9 μg/L, 10.5 μg/L at the beginning of the study to 18.1 μg/L, 19.2 μg/L, 21.4 μg/L (95% confidence interval) at the end of 6 weeks, respectively. At the end of six weeks, serum vitamin D levels of individuals in the ZM+NE, ZM+ZE and NM+NE+S groups increased 1.7-fold, 2.2-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively, compared to baseline. Vitamin D2 values increased statistically significantly in the ZM+NE and ZE+ZE groups at week 6 compared to the baseline levels, while no significant difference was found within the groups. At the end of six weeks, vitamin D2 levels of individuals in the ZM+NE and ZM+ZE bread groups increased 9.1-fold and 12.9-fold, respectively, compared to baseline. No increase was observed in the D2 levels of the other two groups. In calcium values, when the baseline and 6th week results were compared, it was determined that calcium values also increased significantly in the ZM+ZE, ZM+NE and NM+NE+S groups. However, no significant difference was found between the groups. Parathormone values decreased significantly in the ZM+NE and ZM+ZE groups compared to the baseline at week 6 with the increase in vitamin D and calcium in the blood. However, no effect was observed in the group receiving nutritional supplements. Although a significant decrease was observed in vitamin D2 measurements 4 weeks after the end of the study in the ZM+ZE group and in the ZM+NE group at week 10 compared to week 6, no significant change was found in serum 25(OH)D vitamin D levels in these groups. In the NM+NE+S, there was a significant decrease in serum 25(OH)D levels at week 10 compared to week 6. In calcium levels, a significant decrease was observed only in the ZM+NE group at week 10, while a significant increase in parathormone levels was observed in this group. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the bioavailability of vitamin D2 from vitamin D2-enriched oyster mushrooms and vitamin D2 from enriched whole wheat bread via UV-C application was effective in correcting vitamin D deficiency in humans and that the 6-week results were not different from the same amount of vitamin D3 supplementation. However, further large-scale prospective studies in different populations and different food matrices are needed to better understand the effects of UV-C-enriched bread and mushrooms on vitamin D value in humans and to optimize the potential benefits of these foods.
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Beslenme ve Diyetetik, Nutrition and Dietetics
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
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