Malpraktis Korku Algısının Hekimlerin Tıbbi Uygulamalarındaki Tutum ve Davranışlarına Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi
Abstract
'Tıbbi kötü uygulama' anlamına gelen 'malpraktis' kavramının, son yıllarda hekim popülasyonu arasında gittikçe daha fazla konuşulan bir kavram haline geldiği ifade edilebilir. Küresel sağlık yükünün artması, sağlık hizmetine yönelik talebin artması, toplumun sağlık hukuku alanındaki farkındalığının artması, diğer yandan, hastalar tarafında malpraktis ile komplikasyon arasındaki ayırımın yapılamaması, hekim ile hasta arasındaki anlaşmazlıkların daha fazla olması sonucunu beraberinde getirmiştir. Sundukları sağlık hizmetinin sonuçlarından dolayı hukuki yaptırım ile karşılaşma olasılığının giderek artmasının, hekim popülasyonunda tedirginlik ve korku sonucunu doğurduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalışmada, hekimleri etkilediğini düşündüğümüz bu tedirginlik ve malpraktis korkusunun, hekimlerin tutum ve davranışları üzerine etkisinin ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, anket, odak grup çalışmaları, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Adalet Bakanlığı Adli Tıp Kurumu ve Türk Tabipler Birliği'nden (İstanbul Tabip Odası) elde edilen veriler ile yapılmıştır. Anket çalışmasının evrenini, bir hastane zincirindeki 27 hastanede hekimlik hizmeti vermekte olan cerrahi branş ve girişimsel işlem yapan hekimler oluşturdu. Anket sayılarının belirlenmesinde G-power analizi kullanıldı, analiz neticesine göre örneklem sayısı en az 396 olarak hesaplandı. Evreni temsil eden hekimlerin isimlerinin yerleştirildiği Excel formatındaki dosyanın ilgili kolonundaki isimler, 'S_SAYI_ÜRET' fonksiyonu kullanılarak rastgele karıştırılıp, ilk sıradaki isim '1' olacak şekilde 1-4-7-10-13… sıralaması ile seçilen 396 hekime anket gönderilmiştir. Yeterli sayıda anket dönüşü olmadığından birer atlayarak 2-5-8-11-14… sıralaması ile seçilen 413 hekime de anket gönderilmiştir ve cevaplanan 516 anketten eksiksiz doldurulmuş olan 409 adedine ait veriler değerlendirilmiştir. Toplanan anketlerden elde edilen veriler SPSS programı ile değerlendirildi, ayrıca, örnekleme giren ve görüşme zamanına uygunluğu olan hekimlerden 6'şarlı gruplar halinde toplamda 30 hekim ile odak grup görüşmesi yapıldı. Görüşmede elde edilen yorumlar, MAXQDA adlı program ile analiz edildi. Analizlerden elde edilen bulguların değerlendirilmesinde; ankete katılan 409 hekimin en düşük 31, en yüksek 75 yaşında; yaş ortalamasının 46,52±9,52, katılımcıların ise %79,95 erkek, %20,05 kadın olduğu anlaşıldı. Hekimlerin, uzmanlık sonrası mesleki deneyim süreleri en kısa 1 yıl, en uzun 46 yıl, ortalama 15,91±9,34 yıl olarak tespit edildi. Katılımcıların branşlara göre dağılımı, ana uzmanlık dallarında %0,73 ile en düşük radyoloji, %18,09 ile en yüksek kadın hastalıkları ve doğum olarak; yan dal uzmanlık dallarında ise mesleki deneyim süresi 3,2 yıl ile en kısa Çocuk Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi ve Yoğun Bakım, 22,6 yıl ile en uzun Jinekolojik Onkoloji Cerrahisi olarak bulundu. Hekimlerin, %53,3'ünde, haklarında en az 1 kere hastane yönetimine ya da diğer kurumlara şikâyet edildiği veya haklarında soruşturma açıldığı, bunların da %63,3'ünde soruşturmaya yer olmadığı, %10,55'inde soruşturma açılmış olduğu ve devam ettiği, %2,29'unda hastaya tazminat ödendiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, hekimlerinin, 'sağlıkta şiddete maruziyet yaşadınız mı?' sorusuna, %37,90 oranında evet, %62,10 oranında hayır cevabı verdikleri, buna karşın, %85,33'ünün sağlık hukuk alanında herhangi bir eğitim almadığı, %66,01'inin ise sağlık hukuku alanında bir eğitim almayı planlamadıkları görülmüş, %95,35'inin, Türk Ceza Kanunu'nun, hekim malpraktis davalarının değerlendirilmesinde yeterli olmadığını düşündükleri görülmüştür. Sağlık hizmet sunumuna yönelik hukuki gelişmeler nedeni ile mesleki uygulamalarımda önemli değişiklikler yapmak zorunda kalıp kalmadıkları sorulan hekimlerin 5'li Likert cevaplarının ortalama puanı 3,06±1,15 (orta düzey algı); gelecek 10 yıl içinde herhangi bir malpraktis davasına dâhil olacağım diye endişelenip endişelenmedikleri ile ilgili olarak ise 3,67±1,03 (yüksek düzey endişe) olarak analiz edilmiştir. Aynı biçimde sadece malpraktisden kaçınmak için bazı testler ve konsültasyon istediğim olur önermesine 3,70±1,15 (yüksek düzey önleyici davranış); teknolojiden ziyade klinik bulgulara güvenerek tanı koymanın ve tedaviye başlamanın, medikolegal açıdan giderek daha riskli hale geldiğini düşünenlerin ortalama puanı 4,09±0,97 olarak saptanmıştır. Bu değer de 'yüksek düzeyde' bir endişeyi göstermektedir. Hekimlerin, malpraktis konusundaki kaygıları, mesleki uygulamalarında baskı altında olmalarına, bilimsel tıp normlarını, bu kaygılara göre şekillendirmelerine yol açmaktadır. Bu ise, tedaviden kaçınma, olası davalarda kanıt biriktirme amaçlı gereksiz tetkik isteme eğilimine yol açmakta, hem hasta yararı zarar görmekte ve hem de kamusal kayıplar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Malpraktis, Sağlık, Hukuk, Şikayet Tarih:
The concept of 'malpractice,' which refers to medical misconduct, has increasingly become a prevalent topic among the physician population in recent years. Factors such as the growing global burden of disease, increased demand for healthcare services, rising public awareness of health law, and the inability of patients to distinguish between malpractice and complications have all contributed to a rise in disputes between patients and physicians. The increasing likelihood of physicians facing legal sanctions due to the outcomes of the healthcare services they provide has led to a sense of apprehension and fear among them. This study aims to reveal the impact of this perceived anxiety and fear of malpractice—believed to affect physicians—on their attitudes and behaviors. The research was conducted using data obtained from surveys, focus group studies, and institutions such as the Forensic Medicine Institute of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Turkey and the Turkish Medical Association (Istanbul Medical Chamber). The target population for the survey consisted of physicians from surgical and interventional specialties working in 27 hospitals within a hospital chain. The sample size was determined using G*Power analysis, which calculated the minimum required number of participants as 396. An Excel spreadsheet containing the names of eligible physicians was used, and the 'RAND' function was applied to randomly shuffle the list. Starting with the first name as '1', participants were selected following a sequence of every third entry (1-4-7-10-13...). Since the initial response rate was insufficient, additional invitations were sent to the physicians listed at every third interval starting from the second name (2-5-8-11-14...), increasing the outreach to 413 additional physicians. Out of the 516 returned questionnaires, 409 fully completed responses were included in the final analysis. Survey data were analyzed using SPSS software. Additionally, focus group interviews were conducted with a total of 30 physicians, grouped into sessions of six, selected from among the survey respondents based on availability. The qualitative data from these interviews were analyzed using the MAXQDA software. Analysis of the findings showed that the 409 physicians who completed the survey were between 31 and 75 years old, with a mean age of 46.52±9.52 years. Of the participants, 79.95% were male, and 20.05% were female. Post-specialization professional experience ranged from 1 to 46 years, with a mean of 15.91±9.34 years. The distribution of participants by specialty showed that Radiology had the lowest representation among core specialties (0.73%), while Obstetrics and Gynecology had the highest (18.09%). Among subspecialties, Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery and Intensive Care had the shortest mean professional experience (3.2 years), while Gynecologic Oncology Surgery had the longest (22.6 years). It was found that 53.3% of the physicians had been subject to at least one complaint or investigation by hospital administration or other institutions. Among these, 63.3% of investigations concluded with no action taken, 10.55% were ongoing, and in 2.29% of cases, compensation was paid to the patient. Furthermore, in response to the question 'Have you ever been exposed to violence in healthcare?', 37.90% answered yes, while 62.10% answered no. Despite this, 85.33% of the participants had not received any education in health law, and 66.01% did not plan to receive such education. Moreover, 95.35% of participants believed that the Turkish Penal Code is insufficient in evaluating malpractice cases. Regarding whether legal developments in healthcare delivery have forced changes in their clinical practice, participants responded with a mean score of 3.06±1.15 on a 5-point Likert scale (moderate perception). Concern about being involved in a malpractice lawsuit within the next 10 years was rated at a high level, with a mean score of 3.67±1.03. Similarly, the statement 'I sometimes request tests and consultations solely to avoid malpractice' received a high average score of 3.70±1.15. The opinion that relying on clinical findings rather than technology has become increasingly risky from a medicolegal perspective yielded a mean score of 4.09±0.97, indicating a high level of concern. These findings suggest that physicians' anxiety regarding malpractice puts them under professional pressure, leading them to modify scientific medical norms based on this concern. This, in turn, results in behaviors such as avoiding certain treatments or requesting unnecessary tests merely to collect potential legal evidence—practices that not only compromise patient benefit but also lead to public resource loss. Keywords: Malpractice, Health, Law, Complaint. Date:
The concept of 'malpractice,' which refers to medical misconduct, has increasingly become a prevalent topic among the physician population in recent years. Factors such as the growing global burden of disease, increased demand for healthcare services, rising public awareness of health law, and the inability of patients to distinguish between malpractice and complications have all contributed to a rise in disputes between patients and physicians. The increasing likelihood of physicians facing legal sanctions due to the outcomes of the healthcare services they provide has led to a sense of apprehension and fear among them. This study aims to reveal the impact of this perceived anxiety and fear of malpractice—believed to affect physicians—on their attitudes and behaviors. The research was conducted using data obtained from surveys, focus group studies, and institutions such as the Forensic Medicine Institute of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Turkey and the Turkish Medical Association (Istanbul Medical Chamber). The target population for the survey consisted of physicians from surgical and interventional specialties working in 27 hospitals within a hospital chain. The sample size was determined using G*Power analysis, which calculated the minimum required number of participants as 396. An Excel spreadsheet containing the names of eligible physicians was used, and the 'RAND' function was applied to randomly shuffle the list. Starting with the first name as '1', participants were selected following a sequence of every third entry (1-4-7-10-13...). Since the initial response rate was insufficient, additional invitations were sent to the physicians listed at every third interval starting from the second name (2-5-8-11-14...), increasing the outreach to 413 additional physicians. Out of the 516 returned questionnaires, 409 fully completed responses were included in the final analysis. Survey data were analyzed using SPSS software. Additionally, focus group interviews were conducted with a total of 30 physicians, grouped into sessions of six, selected from among the survey respondents based on availability. The qualitative data from these interviews were analyzed using the MAXQDA software. Analysis of the findings showed that the 409 physicians who completed the survey were between 31 and 75 years old, with a mean age of 46.52±9.52 years. Of the participants, 79.95% were male, and 20.05% were female. Post-specialization professional experience ranged from 1 to 46 years, with a mean of 15.91±9.34 years. The distribution of participants by specialty showed that Radiology had the lowest representation among core specialties (0.73%), while Obstetrics and Gynecology had the highest (18.09%). Among subspecialties, Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery and Intensive Care had the shortest mean professional experience (3.2 years), while Gynecologic Oncology Surgery had the longest (22.6 years). It was found that 53.3% of the physicians had been subject to at least one complaint or investigation by hospital administration or other institutions. Among these, 63.3% of investigations concluded with no action taken, 10.55% were ongoing, and in 2.29% of cases, compensation was paid to the patient. Furthermore, in response to the question 'Have you ever been exposed to violence in healthcare?', 37.90% answered yes, while 62.10% answered no. Despite this, 85.33% of the participants had not received any education in health law, and 66.01% did not plan to receive such education. Moreover, 95.35% of participants believed that the Turkish Penal Code is insufficient in evaluating malpractice cases. Regarding whether legal developments in healthcare delivery have forced changes in their clinical practice, participants responded with a mean score of 3.06±1.15 on a 5-point Likert scale (moderate perception). Concern about being involved in a malpractice lawsuit within the next 10 years was rated at a high level, with a mean score of 3.67±1.03. Similarly, the statement 'I sometimes request tests and consultations solely to avoid malpractice' received a high average score of 3.70±1.15. The opinion that relying on clinical findings rather than technology has become increasingly risky from a medicolegal perspective yielded a mean score of 4.09±0.97, indicating a high level of concern. These findings suggest that physicians' anxiety regarding malpractice puts them under professional pressure, leading them to modify scientific medical norms based on this concern. This, in turn, results in behaviors such as avoiding certain treatments or requesting unnecessary tests merely to collect potential legal evidence—practices that not only compromise patient benefit but also lead to public resource loss. Keywords: Malpractice, Health, Law, Complaint. Date:
Description
Keywords
Sağlık Yönetimi, Tıbbi Kötü Uygulama, Healthcare Management, Medical Malpractice
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
WoS Q
Scopus Q
Source
Volume
Issue
Start Page
End Page
225