Introduction

Abstract

E-scooters, which started to gain popularity especially among the youth before the COVID-19 pandemic and saw a rapid increase in use due to the pandemic, have significantly contributed to the spread of the micromobility concept and its adoption by wider segments of the public. In general, transportation systems that use small, individual vehicles capable of traveling at speeds below 25 km/h are considered micromobility. Among micromobility systems, there are different subtypes, such as bicycles, skates, and skateboards powered by human energy; segways and unicycles powered by electricity; and e-bikes and e-scooters that use a combination of human and electric energy. Significant developments in both the demand for micromobility and micromobility services are expected in the coming years. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.