Arabuluculuk ve ombudsmanlık
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2019
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Sistematik teknikler uygulayarak, görüşmek ve müzakerelerde bulunmak amacıyla tarafları bir araya getiren; onların birbirlerini anlamalarını ve bu suretle çözümlerini kendilerinin üretmesini sağlamak için aralarında iletişim sürecinin kurulmasını gerçekleştiren, tarafların çözüm üretemediklerinin ortaya çıkması halinde çözüm önerisi de getirebilen uzmanlık eğitimi almış olan tarafsız ve bağımsız bir üçüncü kişinin katılımıyla ve ihtiyari olarak yürüttükleri uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemi olan Arabuluculuk, 6325 sayılı yasa ile Türkiye'de ilk olarak 2012 yılında uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. 2012 yılından günümüze kadar geçen kısa sürede etkin şekilde uygulanmaya başlayan arabuluculuk, ihtiyari olmasının yanında, 01.01.2018 tarihinden itibaren iş hukukundan kaynaklanan davalarda zorunlu bir yöntem olarak uygulanmaya başlanmış ve 7036 sayılı kanun ile 1950 tarihli İş Mahkemeleri Kanununda köklü değişiklikler meydana getirmiştir. Zorunlu arabuluculuk yöntemi neticesinde elde edilen veriler nazara alınarak, bu arabuluculuk türünün uygulanacağı alanlar genişletilmiş ve 01.01.2019 tarihi itibariyle ticari davalardan kaynaklı uyuşmazlıklar için de zorunlu arabuluculuk yöntemi getirilmiştir. 6325 sayılı yasaya bu değişiklikler neticesinde gerek ihtiyari arabuluculuk türünde gerekse zorunlu arabuluculuk türünde uygulanmak üzere yeni hükümler eklenmiş, bazı hükümler kaldırılmış ya da mevcut hükümlere eklemeler yapılmıştır. Kısa denilecek süreç içerisinde arabuluculuk yönteminin benimsenmesi ve çeşitli değişiklikleri getirmesi, yöntemin ileride de günün koşullarına göre şekillenebileceği konusunda sinyaller vermektedir. Yargı yoluna nazaran hızlı, daha az masraflı, tarafların sürece daha fazla dahil olduğu ve bunun sonucu olarak taraflar arasındaki uyuşmazlığın üçüncü bir kişi tarafından değil de bizzat uyuşmazlık yaşayan taraflarca çözülmesi esas olduğundan bugüne kadar alışılagelen yöntemlerden, özellikle yargıdan ayrılmaktadır. Çalışmaya konu olan ve arabuluculuk yöntemi ile mukayese ettiğimiz bir diğer yöntem ise, ilham kaynağının Osmanlı İmparatorluğu devlet yöntemi olduğu belirtilen, ancak bugün anladığımız şekilde ilk kez İsveç'te ortaya çıkan ombudsmanlık (Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu) yöntemidir. Türkiye'de Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumunun oluşturulması adına süreç dahilinde çeşitli girişimler gerçekleştirilse de nihayetinde 2010 yılında yapılan Anayasa Değişikliğine ilişkin referandum neticesinde Anayasada yer almış ve 2012 yılında 6328 sayılı Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu Kanunu tesis edilmiştir. Bireyin idare gücü karşısında korunması amacına hizmet eden denetim türü olan ombudsmanlık, idarenin işlem ve eylemlerinden ötürü, bireylerin şikayetleri ile harekete geçen, geniş yetkilerin tanındığı, denetlemenin yapıldığı ancak bağlayıcı kararların verilemediği, bu kararların parlamento ve kamuoyu ile paylaşıldığı bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Burada da arabuluculukta olduğu gibi yargı yoluna nazaran daha hızlı, masrafsız yöntem olması, ayrıca hukuka aykırılığın yanında yerindeliğin de denetlendiği bir süreç olması Kurumu idari yargıdan farklı bir şekilde konumlandırılmasına neden olmaktadır. Gerek arabuluculuk gerek ombudsmanlık yöntemleri aynı dönemde çıkmış iki yasa olarak biri özel hukuk uyuşmazlıklarında diğeri ise kamu hukuku uyuşmazlıklarında yaşanan ihtilafların çözümünde etkin yollar olma yolunda hızlı bir şekilde ilerlemektedir. 6325 sayılı Hukuk Uyuşmazlıklarında Arabuluculuk Kanunu ve 6328 sayılı Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu Kanunu düzenlemeleri incelendiğinde, her iki yöntemin birbiri ile benzerlik ve farklılık gösterdiği görülmektedir. Kısa sürede büyük gelişim gösteren arabuluculuk ve ombudsmanlık, ilerleyen süreçte daha da yaygınlaşarak, uygulanacağı alanlar bakımından çeşitleneceği, birden fazla alana sirayet ederek mevut uyuşmazlıkların barışçıl bir yolla çözülmesine vesile olacakları tartışma götürmemektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Arabuluculuk, Ombudsmanlık, Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu, Zorunlu, İhtiyari
Mediation is a dispute resolution method, which applies systematic techniques and brings parties together on a voluntary basis in the presence of an independent and impartial third party mediator who is trained for such purpose, and establishes a communication process between the parties in order to give them an opportunity to hold discussions and negotiations and to understand each other, and thereby produce their own solutions to their dispute, and which may also offer solution suggestions in case the parties' own efforts to agree on a solution prove to be not fruitful. Mediation started to be practiced in Turkey for the first time in 2012 with the promulgation of the Law No. 6325. Having been practiced actively during such period that has elapsed since 2012, mediation, while being voluntary, started to be practiced as a mandatory method in cases arising from labour law as of 01.01.2018, and resulted in radical amendments to the Labour Courts Law dated 1950, with the promulgation of the Law No. 7036. In view of the data obtained as a result of the mandatory mediation method, the scope of areas to which this type of mediation would be applicable was extended, and mandatory mediation was introduced also for disputes arising from commercial cases as of 01.01.2019. As a result of these changes, new provisions were added to the Law No. 6325 to be applicable to both voluntary mediation and mandatory mediation whereas certain provisions thereof were repealed or existing provisions were supplemented. The fact that mediation came to be adopted during such a short period of time and introduced various changes suggests that the method may take further shape in the future according to the then current circumstances. It is different from customary dispute resolution methods that have been employed to date, and especially from litigation, due to its certain aspects such as being faster and less costly compared to litigation, and being a method whereby the parties are more involved in the process and hence is based on resolution of the dispute personally by the parties thereto rather than by a third person. Another method that is the subject of this study, which we compare with mediation, is the ombudsman institution (the Public Audit Institution), which is stated to have been inspired by the state administration of the Ottoman Empire, but which first emerged in its form known today in Sweden. Although various initiatives had been taken in Turkey to form the Ombudsman Institution, it was not until the Constitutional Amendment referendum of 2010 that it was finally included in the Constitution, and in 2012, the Ombudsman Institution Law No. 6328 was promulgated. The ombudsman institution, a type of audit mechanism that serves to protect the individual against the administrative power, is defined as a process that commences upon individuals' complaints relating to the administration's processes and conducts, that is invested with extensive powers, that involves the performance of an audit but no binding decisions can be granted, and whereby such decisions are shared with the parliament and the public. The fact that, just like in the case of mediation, Ombudsman Institution practice is also a method which is faster and less costly compared to litigation, and that it ensures the audit of not only unlawfulness but also legitimacy of a given situation, causes the Ombudsman Institution to have a position that is different than the administrative judiciary. Based on two laws that were promulgated during the same period, the methods of both mediation and the Ombudsman Institution are rapidly becoming effective means in the resolution of disputes arising from private law and public law respectively. When the provisions of the Law No. 6325 on Mediation in Civil Law Disputes and the Ombudsman Institution Law No. 6328 are examined together, it is observed that both methods have similarities and differences with each other. It is without doubt that mediation and the Ombudsman Institution, which have both significantly developed in a short period of time, will become even more widespread as well as diverse in terms of their areas of application, and will be conducive to the amicable settlement of existing disputes by spreading to multiple areas. Keywords: Mediation, the Ombudsman Institution, the Public Audit Institution, Mandatory, Voluntary
Mediation is a dispute resolution method, which applies systematic techniques and brings parties together on a voluntary basis in the presence of an independent and impartial third party mediator who is trained for such purpose, and establishes a communication process between the parties in order to give them an opportunity to hold discussions and negotiations and to understand each other, and thereby produce their own solutions to their dispute, and which may also offer solution suggestions in case the parties' own efforts to agree on a solution prove to be not fruitful. Mediation started to be practiced in Turkey for the first time in 2012 with the promulgation of the Law No. 6325. Having been practiced actively during such period that has elapsed since 2012, mediation, while being voluntary, started to be practiced as a mandatory method in cases arising from labour law as of 01.01.2018, and resulted in radical amendments to the Labour Courts Law dated 1950, with the promulgation of the Law No. 7036. In view of the data obtained as a result of the mandatory mediation method, the scope of areas to which this type of mediation would be applicable was extended, and mandatory mediation was introduced also for disputes arising from commercial cases as of 01.01.2019. As a result of these changes, new provisions were added to the Law No. 6325 to be applicable to both voluntary mediation and mandatory mediation whereas certain provisions thereof were repealed or existing provisions were supplemented. The fact that mediation came to be adopted during such a short period of time and introduced various changes suggests that the method may take further shape in the future according to the then current circumstances. It is different from customary dispute resolution methods that have been employed to date, and especially from litigation, due to its certain aspects such as being faster and less costly compared to litigation, and being a method whereby the parties are more involved in the process and hence is based on resolution of the dispute personally by the parties thereto rather than by a third person. Another method that is the subject of this study, which we compare with mediation, is the ombudsman institution (the Public Audit Institution), which is stated to have been inspired by the state administration of the Ottoman Empire, but which first emerged in its form known today in Sweden. Although various initiatives had been taken in Turkey to form the Ombudsman Institution, it was not until the Constitutional Amendment referendum of 2010 that it was finally included in the Constitution, and in 2012, the Ombudsman Institution Law No. 6328 was promulgated. The ombudsman institution, a type of audit mechanism that serves to protect the individual against the administrative power, is defined as a process that commences upon individuals' complaints relating to the administration's processes and conducts, that is invested with extensive powers, that involves the performance of an audit but no binding decisions can be granted, and whereby such decisions are shared with the parliament and the public. The fact that, just like in the case of mediation, Ombudsman Institution practice is also a method which is faster and less costly compared to litigation, and that it ensures the audit of not only unlawfulness but also legitimacy of a given situation, causes the Ombudsman Institution to have a position that is different than the administrative judiciary. Based on two laws that were promulgated during the same period, the methods of both mediation and the Ombudsman Institution are rapidly becoming effective means in the resolution of disputes arising from private law and public law respectively. When the provisions of the Law No. 6325 on Mediation in Civil Law Disputes and the Ombudsman Institution Law No. 6328 are examined together, it is observed that both methods have similarities and differences with each other. It is without doubt that mediation and the Ombudsman Institution, which have both significantly developed in a short period of time, will become even more widespread as well as diverse in terms of their areas of application, and will be conducive to the amicable settlement of existing disputes by spreading to multiple areas. Keywords: Mediation, the Ombudsman Institution, the Public Audit Institution, Mandatory, Voluntary
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Hukuk, Kamu Yönetimi, Arabuluculuk, Law, Public Administration, Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu, Mediation, Kamu Hukuku, Ombudsman Institution, Public Law, Ombudsman, Ombudsman
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