Mimari projelerde proje yönetimi ve maliyet analizi
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2023
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Open Access Color
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Proje, belirlenen hedeflere ulaşmak için yapılandırılmış bir faaliyet zinciridir. Proje yönetimi, bu faaliyet zincirini ilgilendiren para, metot (teknik), malzeme, işgücü ve ekipman kaynaklarını proje başlamadan önce doğru planlamak suretiyle projenin en verimli şekilde sonuçlandırılabilmesi için, bu kaynakların ne zaman ve ne kadar kullanılacağını planlamak, bu sürecin yönetimi ve denetlenmesi için uygulanacak yol haritasını belirlemek ve bilimsel yöntemleri uygulamaktan ibarettir. Bir inşaat projesinde ana hedef tasarım ekibi tarafından belirlenir. Bu nedenle mimari projelerin başarısındaki en önemli etkenlerin başında bu sürece hakim bir ekip proje yönetim tekniklerini etkin biçimde uygulayabilen bir ekip başı ve yönetim gelmektedir. Teknolojik gelişme ve her geçen gün daha da ön plana çıkan yenilikçi çözümler ortaya koyma ve mevcut yenilikleri tasarımlara yansıtma ihtiyacı ister istemez yönetim sürecinin de doğasını karmaşıklaştırmakta ve yöneticiler sürecin etkinliğini ve verimini arttırmak için daha yalın organizasyonlara ve çağdaş yöntemlerle güçlendirilmiş projelerle yönetim anlayışına yönelmektedirler. Proje yönetimi, olağan faaliyetlerin yönetiminden çok farklıdır. Karmaşık ve özgün çabalar olmaları, birbirini izleyen veya birlikte yürütülen ancak tekrarlanmayan faaliyetlerden oluşmaları nedeniyle projelerin yönetimi, özel örgütleme biçimlerini ve özel olarak geliştirilmiş planlama ve denetim tekniklerini gerektirir. Genel yönetim konusunda eğitim ve deneyim, etkin bir proje yönetimi için yeterli değildir. Genel olarak işletmelerin hedefi, projeleri; tasarımın altlığını oluşturduğu hedefe ulaşırken önceden belirlenen zaman, maliyet ve kalite kısıtları içerisinde tamamlamak olsa da birçok nedenden dolayı bunun sağlanamadığı pek çok örnek bilinmektedir. Projeler istenmeyen bir şekilde tamamen veya kısmen başarısızlıkla sonuçlanabilirler. Başarısızlıkla tamamlanan projelerin işletmelere maliyetleri istenilen düzeyde olamadığı bilinmektedir. Mimari projelerde karşılaşılan maliyet kayıpları çoğunlukla tasarım ekibi içerisindeki koordinasyon sorunlarına bağlıdır. Ekibin tüm üyelerinin proje yönetimi bilgeliğine sahip olması koordinasyona yönelik çözümleri kolaylaştırmaktadır. Yönetimsel süreçlerin etkinliği oranında, proje hedefinden sapmalar azalmaktadır. Sürecin hedefinden sapmasına neden olan etkenler, ancak proje yönetimi bilgeliği ile azaltılabilir. Aksi durum ise olası hataların geometrik olarak artan yıkıcı etkileri ile yüzleşmeyi kaçınılmaz kılmaktadır. Bu araştırmada gelenekselden çağdaşa, proje yönetim okullarının evrimi incelenmiş ve çağdaş yönetim araçlarının tasarım maliyetine etkileri yorumlanmıştır. Bunun için tasarım ve uygulama süreçlerini üstlenen bir ekibin farklı projelerinin başarımı üzerine bir alan çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bir projenin başarısını betimleyen üç temel unsur bulunmaktadır. Bunlar kalite, zaman ve maliyettir. Bu araştırmada incelenen alan çalışmalarında bu üç unsurun arasındaki denge bozulduğunda ne tip olumsuzlukların meydana geldiği ve bunların nasıl aşılmaya çalışıldığı irdelenmiştir. Proje yönetim sürecinin verimliliğini olumsuz yönde etkileyen faktörler analiz edilmiş ve tasarım sürecini daha iyi yönetebilmek için ne tür bilgi modellerinin kullanılması gerektiği ve bu bilgi modellerinin kalite maliyet ve süre bileşenlerinin bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele alınmasına nasıl katkı sağladığı sentezlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, işveren, mal sahipleri ve tasarımcılar arasında, zaman, kalite ve maliyet bileşenlerinin eşgüdümünü kurmaya yönelik çözümler önerilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mimari Projelerin Yönetimi, Proje Bilgi Modelleri, Kalite, Maliyet, Planlama
A project is a structured chain of activities to achieve set goals. Project management is to plan when and how much these resources will be used, and to manage and supervise this process, so that the project can be concluded in the most efficient way by correctly planning the money, method (technical), material, labor and equipment resources related to this chain of activities before the project starts. It consists of determining the roadmap and applying scientific methods. In a construction project, the main goal is determined by the design team. For this reason, one of the most important factors in the success of architectural projects is a team that has a command of this process and a team leader and management who can effectively apply project management techniques. Technological development and the need to come up with innovative solutions that come to the fore day by day and to reflect current innovations on designs inevitably complicate the nature of the management process, and managers tend to leaner organizations and a management approach with projects reinforced with modern methods in order to increase the efficiency and productivity of the process. Project management is very different from the management of ordinary activities. The management of projects, as they are complex and unique endeavours, and consist of sequential or collaborative but non-repetitive activities, requires special forms of organization and specially developed planning and control techniques. Education and experience in general management are not sufficient for effective project management. In general, the objectives of the enterprises, their projects; It is known that there are many examples where this could not be achieved due to many reasons, even though it is to complete the design within the predetermined time, cost and quality constraints while reaching the target that it forms the basis of. Projects may undesirably result in complete or partial failure. It is known that the unsuccessfully completed projects are not at the desired level. Cost losses encountered in architectural projects are mostly due to coordination problems within the design team. The fact that all members of the team have the wisdom of project management facilitates solutions for coordination. Deviations from the project target decrease at the rate of the efficiency of the managerial processes. The factors that cause the process to deviate from its target can only be reduced with the wisdom of project management. The opposite situation makes it inevitable to face the geometrically increasing destructive effects of possible errors. In this research, the evolution of project management schools from traditional to contemporary has been examined and the effects of contemporary management tools on the design cost have been interpreted. For this, a field study was carried out on the success of different projects of a team that undertakes the design and implementation processes. There are three key elements that describe the success of a project. These are quality, time and cost. In the field studies examined in this research, what kinds of negative effects occur when the balance between these three elements is disturbed and how they are tried to be overcome. The factors that negatively affect the efficiency of the project management process have been analyzed and what kind of information models should be used to better manage the design process and how these information models contribute to the handling of quality, cost and time components with a holistic approach have been synthesized. As a result, solutions have been proposed to establish the coordination of time, quality and cost components among employers, owners and designers. Keywords: Management of Architectural Projects, Project Information Models, Quality, Cost, Planning
A project is a structured chain of activities to achieve set goals. Project management is to plan when and how much these resources will be used, and to manage and supervise this process, so that the project can be concluded in the most efficient way by correctly planning the money, method (technical), material, labor and equipment resources related to this chain of activities before the project starts. It consists of determining the roadmap and applying scientific methods. In a construction project, the main goal is determined by the design team. For this reason, one of the most important factors in the success of architectural projects is a team that has a command of this process and a team leader and management who can effectively apply project management techniques. Technological development and the need to come up with innovative solutions that come to the fore day by day and to reflect current innovations on designs inevitably complicate the nature of the management process, and managers tend to leaner organizations and a management approach with projects reinforced with modern methods in order to increase the efficiency and productivity of the process. Project management is very different from the management of ordinary activities. The management of projects, as they are complex and unique endeavours, and consist of sequential or collaborative but non-repetitive activities, requires special forms of organization and specially developed planning and control techniques. Education and experience in general management are not sufficient for effective project management. In general, the objectives of the enterprises, their projects; It is known that there are many examples where this could not be achieved due to many reasons, even though it is to complete the design within the predetermined time, cost and quality constraints while reaching the target that it forms the basis of. Projects may undesirably result in complete or partial failure. It is known that the unsuccessfully completed projects are not at the desired level. Cost losses encountered in architectural projects are mostly due to coordination problems within the design team. The fact that all members of the team have the wisdom of project management facilitates solutions for coordination. Deviations from the project target decrease at the rate of the efficiency of the managerial processes. The factors that cause the process to deviate from its target can only be reduced with the wisdom of project management. The opposite situation makes it inevitable to face the geometrically increasing destructive effects of possible errors. In this research, the evolution of project management schools from traditional to contemporary has been examined and the effects of contemporary management tools on the design cost have been interpreted. For this, a field study was carried out on the success of different projects of a team that undertakes the design and implementation processes. There are three key elements that describe the success of a project. These are quality, time and cost. In the field studies examined in this research, what kinds of negative effects occur when the balance between these three elements is disturbed and how they are tried to be overcome. The factors that negatively affect the efficiency of the project management process have been analyzed and what kind of information models should be used to better manage the design process and how these information models contribute to the handling of quality, cost and time components with a holistic approach have been synthesized. As a result, solutions have been proposed to establish the coordination of time, quality and cost components among employers, owners and designers. Keywords: Management of Architectural Projects, Project Information Models, Quality, Cost, Planning
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Mimarlık, Architecture
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