Determinants of Individual Customers Becoming Bank Customers Through Remote Customer Acquisition Method in Digital Banking
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2025
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Teknolojinin gelişimi, bankacılık sektöründe operasyonel verimlilikten müşteri hizmetlerine kadar her alanda büyük bir dönüşüm geçirmesini sağlamıştır. Dijitalleşme adı verilen bu dönüşüm süreci bankacılığın daha erişilebilir, hızlı ve verimli hale gelmesini sağlarken aynı zamanda daha geniş kitlelere finansal hizmetlerin ulaşmasını mümkün kılmıştır. Dijitalleşme süreciyle bankacılık hizmetlerinin sunumu köklü bir şekilde değişmiş ve geleneksel şube tabanlı hizmet anlayışından dijital platformlar üzerinden sağlanan hizmetlere doğru geçişi hızlandırmıştır. Dijital platformlar bankaların daha geniş bir müşteri kitlesine ulaşmasını sağlamakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda maliyet etkinliği ve hız gibi avantajlar da sağlamıştır. Türkiye'de özellikle son 10 yılda bankacılık sektörü oyuncuları gerek rakip bankaların dijital stratejilerinden gerekse de kişiselleştirilmiş bir müşteri deneyimi sunan yıkıcı girişimlerden kaynaklanan rekabete cevap vermesiyle dijital dönüşüm süreci ciddi hız kazanmıştır. Dijitalleşme sürecinin etkisiyle Türkiye'de uzaktan müşteri edinimi önemli bir dönüşüm geçirmiştir. Önceleri dijital hizmet kanalları üzerinden yapılan başvuru sonucunda kurye ile gelen sözleşmeleri imzalayıp bankaya geri göndermek suretiyle müşteri edinimi ya da bankaya ait fiziksel cihaz üzerinden video konferans yöntemiyle yapılan görüşme sonrasında sözleşmenin imzalanmasıyla müşteri edinimi gibi farklı uygulamalar ile tabiri caizse yarı dijital bir şekilde müşteri edinimi mümkün iken 01/05/2021 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren yönetmelik ile bankacılık sektöründe dijital hizmet kanalları aracılığıyla kolay, hızlı ve tam dijital bir şekilde anında müşteri ediniminin önü açılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'de aktif olarak faaliyet gösteren bir bankanın veri tabanından 01/08/2023 – 31/07/2024 tarihleri arasında şubeden müşteri edinimi ve uzaktan müşteri edinimi yöntemleriyle banka müşterisi olan bireysel gerçek kişilerin müşteri edinim sürecinde girmiş oldukları bilgilerin anonimleştirilerek gerçek kişi ile ilgili hiçbir ilişkisi kalmadan elde edilen veri seti üzerinde tek değişkenli ve çok değişkenli analizler yapılarak şubeden ve uzaktan müşteri edinimi yöntemleriyle banka müşterisi olmasına katkı sağlayan değişken ve çoklu değişken kombinasyonları araştırılmıştır. Analizi yapılan değişkenlerin anlamlılık düzeyini tespit etmek adına kategorik değişkenler için ki-kare analizi, numerik/sürekli değişkenler için ortalamadan bağımsız t-testi sonuçları yayınlanmıştır. Veri analizleri ve istatistiksel sonuçların ışığında belirlenen hipotezler test edilip detaylı bir şekilde değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca bir karar ağacı algoritması olan LightGBM algoritması ile oluşturulan modelin hiperparameteleri optimize edilerek 5 katmanlı çapraz doğrulama modeli uygulanarak modelin çıktıları parametreleriyle beraber ortaya koyulmuştur. Modelin genellikle doğru tahminler yaptığı ve güvenilir bir şekilde kullanılabilir olduğu görülmüştür. Modelin daha sağlıklı ve daha doğru sonuçlar üretmesi adına değişkenlerin önemi belirlenmiştir. Oluşturulan modelin sonuç tahminlemesine en çok etki eden belirleyicilerin yaş, meslek ve öğrenim durumu olduğu, en az etki eden belirleyicilerin ise medeni durum, çalışılan sektör ve cinsiyet olduğu belirlenmiştir.
The development of technology has enabled a significant transformation in the banking sector, affecting all areas from operational efficiency to customer services. This transformation process, known as digitalization, has made banking more accessible, faster, and efficient, while also making it possible for financial services to reach a broader audience. with the digitalization process, the delivery of banking services has fundamentally changed, accelerating the shift from traditional branch-based service models to services provided through digital platforms. Digital platforms not only help banks reach a wider customer base, but also provide advantages such as cost efficiency and speed. In Turkey, especially in the last decade, the digital transformation process has gained significant momentum as banking sector players have responded to competition arising from both digital strategies of rival banks and disruptive startups offering personalized customer experiences. with the impact of the digitalization process, remote customer acquisition in Turkey has undergone a significant transformation. Previously, customer acquisition was carried out in a semi-digital manner through various practices, such as signing contracts sent via courier following an application made through digital service channels and returning them to the bank, or signing the contract after a video conference conducted via a physical device belonging to the bank. However, with the regulation that came into effect on May 1, 2021, the banking sector has been enabled to facilitate instant, easy, fast, and fully digital customer acquisition through digital service channels. In this study, univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on a dataset obtained from the database of a bank actively operating in Turkey, covering the period between August 1, 2023, and July 31, 2024. The dataset was derived by anonymizing the information entered during the customer acquisition process by individual real persons who became bank customers through branch customer acquisition methods and remote customer acquisition methods, ensuring no connection to the actual individuals. The study investigated the variables and combinations of multiple variables contributing to becoming a bank customer through branch and remote acquisition methods. To determine the significance level of the analyzed variables, chi-square analysis was performed for categorical variables, and independent t-test results were published for numerical/continuous variables. Based on the data analysis and statistical results, the hypotheses were tested and evaluated in detail. Additionally, a model created using the LightGBM algorithm, a decision tree algorithm, was optimized by tuning hyperparameters, and a 5-fold cross-validation model was applied. The model's outputs were presented with their parameters. It was found that the model generally made accurate predictions and could be used reliably. To produce more accurate and robust results, the importance of the variables was determined. It was found that the key determinants affecting the model's result predictions were age, profession and education level while the least impactful determinants were marital status, employer sector and gender.
The development of technology has enabled a significant transformation in the banking sector, affecting all areas from operational efficiency to customer services. This transformation process, known as digitalization, has made banking more accessible, faster, and efficient, while also making it possible for financial services to reach a broader audience. with the digitalization process, the delivery of banking services has fundamentally changed, accelerating the shift from traditional branch-based service models to services provided through digital platforms. Digital platforms not only help banks reach a wider customer base, but also provide advantages such as cost efficiency and speed. In Turkey, especially in the last decade, the digital transformation process has gained significant momentum as banking sector players have responded to competition arising from both digital strategies of rival banks and disruptive startups offering personalized customer experiences. with the impact of the digitalization process, remote customer acquisition in Turkey has undergone a significant transformation. Previously, customer acquisition was carried out in a semi-digital manner through various practices, such as signing contracts sent via courier following an application made through digital service channels and returning them to the bank, or signing the contract after a video conference conducted via a physical device belonging to the bank. However, with the regulation that came into effect on May 1, 2021, the banking sector has been enabled to facilitate instant, easy, fast, and fully digital customer acquisition through digital service channels. In this study, univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on a dataset obtained from the database of a bank actively operating in Turkey, covering the period between August 1, 2023, and July 31, 2024. The dataset was derived by anonymizing the information entered during the customer acquisition process by individual real persons who became bank customers through branch customer acquisition methods and remote customer acquisition methods, ensuring no connection to the actual individuals. The study investigated the variables and combinations of multiple variables contributing to becoming a bank customer through branch and remote acquisition methods. To determine the significance level of the analyzed variables, chi-square analysis was performed for categorical variables, and independent t-test results were published for numerical/continuous variables. Based on the data analysis and statistical results, the hypotheses were tested and evaluated in detail. Additionally, a model created using the LightGBM algorithm, a decision tree algorithm, was optimized by tuning hyperparameters, and a 5-fold cross-validation model was applied. The model's outputs were presented with their parameters. It was found that the model generally made accurate predictions and could be used reliably. To produce more accurate and robust results, the importance of the variables was determined. It was found that the key determinants affecting the model's result predictions were age, profession and education level while the least impactful determinants were marital status, employer sector and gender.
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Bankacılık, Banking
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181