Legal Implications Regarding Micromobility Systems From Administrative and Criminal Aspects

Abstract

The swift integration of e-scooters into daily life has taken many countries by surprise. While some have expanded their bicycle-related regulations, others have introduced new rules for e-scooters to address this shift. As e-scooters become more popular, countries have implemented various strategies to reduce accidents and behaviors that could disrupt traffic flow, aiming to create a safer environment for both riders and pedestrians. Regulations regarding e-scooters vary significantly from one country to another, and even between cities. These regulations cover aspects such as the vehicle category, maximum speed limits, parking rules, age restrictions, helmet requirements, restrictions on the maximum power of e-scooters in public areas, appropriate road usage, and whether registration or insurance is necessary. Regulations tailored to each country’s specific needs, developed with input from various stakeholders such as the public, e-scooter companies, shared e-scooter operators, and other road users, are likely to be more effective than a single universal regulation applied across all countries. Criminal liabilities related to the use of bicycles and e-scooters can arise from willful or reckless harm or endangerment. If a driver intentionally injures someone, or an animal, or damages property, they may face criminal charges, with the use of the vehicle potentially worsening the offense depending on the country. Similarly, deliberately causing danger, such as driving on sidewalks, can also be criminal, varying by country. Negligence, like ignoring traffic rules or riding without lights, can result in lower penalties compared to intentional acts, though penalties are higher if the driver is aware of potential risks but still breaks the rules. Finally, negligent actions, such as improper parking of shared vehicles, can also pose dangers. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.