WoS İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / WoS Indexed Publications Collection
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Review 3D and 4D printing of MXene-based composites: from fundamentals to emerging applications(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2024) Bigham, Ashkan; Zarepour, Atefeh; Khosravi, Arezoo; Iravani, Siavash; Zarrabi, AliThe advent of three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) printing technologies has significantly improved the fabrication of advanced materials, with MXene-based composites emerging as a particularly promising class due to their exceptional electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties. This review explores the fundamentals of MXenes and their composites, examining their unique characteristics and the underlying principles of their synthesis and processing. We highlight the transformative potential of 3D and 4D printing techniques in tailoring MXene-based materials for a wide array of applications. In the field of tissue regeneration, MXene composites offer enhanced biocompatibility and mechanical strength, making them ideal for scaffolds and implants. For drug delivery, the high surface area and tunable surface chemistry of MXenes enable precise control over drug release profiles. In energy storage, MXene-based electrodes exhibit superior conductivity and capacity, paving the way for next-generation batteries and supercapacitors. Additionally, the sensitivity and selectivity of MXene composites make them excellent candidates for various (bio)sensing applications, from environmental monitoring to biomedical diagnostics. By integrating the dynamic capabilities of 4D printing, which introduces time-dependent shape transformations, MXene-based composites can further adapt to complex and evolving functional requirements. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research, identifies key challenges, and discusses future directions for the development and application of 3D and 4D printed MXene-based composites. Through this exploration, we aim to underscore the significant impact of these advanced materials and technologies on diverse scientific and industrial fields. This review highlights the developments in the 3D/4D printing of MXene-based composites, focusing on their application in tissue regeneration, drug delivery, sensing, and energy storage.Article 3D FEA of Hollow and Solid Design Zirconia Dental Dowels(Wiley, 2016) Kayahan, Mehmet Baybora; Ozkurt-Kayahan, Zeynep; Yay, Kubilay; Kazazoglu, EnderPurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution of hollow and solid design zirconia dowels. Materials and MethodsFinite element analysis (FEA) was used to investigate the influence of different dowel designs on the stress distribution of zirconia dowels. The coronal diameter of the dowel was 2.2 mm, the apical diameter was 1.8 mm, and the length was 15 mm. The diameter of the hollow space was 1.2 mm. Occlusal forces (both parallel and oblique) of 100 N were applied from the wider edge of the dowels simulating loads acting on the incisor during clenching and incising. The results were expressed in terms of von Mises criteria. ResultsFEA revealed differences in stress distribution. During parallel load, the maximum tensile stress of the hollow design (89.40 MPa) was greater than the solid design (43.30 MPa). During oblique load, the maximum tensile stress of the hollow design (1437.90 MPa) was greater than the solid design (917.96 MPa). The maximum deformation was observed in the coronal part of the dowel in both designs under the two load directions. ConclusionsFEA results showed that the hollow design zirconia dowels presented higher tensile stress.Article A 3D finite element analysis of stress distribution on different thicknesses of mineral trioxide aggregate applied on various sizes of pulp perforation(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Ozkurt-Kayahan, Zeynep; Turgut, B.; Akin, H.; Kayahan, M. B.; Kazazoglu, E.Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution on different thicknesses of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) placed on various widths of pulp perforations during the condensation of the composite resin material. Materials and methods The mandibular molar tooth was modeled by COSMOSWorks program (SolidWorks, Waltham, MA). Three finite elemental analysis models representing 3 different dimensions of pulp perforations, 1, 2, and 3 mm in diameter, were created. The perforation area was assumed as filled with MTA with different thicknesses, 1, 2, and 3 mm for each pulp perforation width, creating a total of 9 different models. Then, a composite resin material was layered on MTA for each model. A 66.7 N load was applied and an engineering simulation program (ANSYS, Canonsburg, US) was used for the analysis. Results were presented considering von Mises stress criteria. Results As MTA thickness increased, the stress values recorded within the area between pulp and MTA decreased. Strain was decreased when the thickness of MTA increased. Conclusions Stresses at MTA-pulp interface and strain on MTA decreased with the increase in MTA thickness.Article 5-Year clinical performance of ceramic onlay and overlay restorations luted with light-cured composite resin(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Yurdaguven, Gulsah Yenier; Ciftcioglu, Elif; Kazokoglu, Fatma Sehnaz; Kayahan, Mehmet BayboraObjectives: This prospective clinical trial evaluated the clinical performance of ceramic partial coverage indirect adhesive restorations (PCIARs) in posterior teeth luted with a light-cured composite resin. Methods: From April 2016 to January 2017, a total of 60 patients (27 males, 33 females; mean age: 42.2 +/- 10.86 years old) received 83 glass-ceramic PCIARs (26 onlay, 57 overlay) made of IPS Emax CAD (Ivoclar Vivadent). All restorations were luted with a light-cured composite resin (Filtek Z250, 3 M ESPE) by two operators. Two independent calibrated examiners blinded to the operators performing the treatment evaluated the restorations at baseline, 1-year, and 5-year following FDI World Dental Federation criteria including esthetic, functional, and biological properties. Data were analyzed with the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon sign test (p p < 0.05). Results: None of the restorations failed due to fracture or retention loss. One restoration was clinically unsatisfactory because of secondary caries. Marginal staining (p:0.000), marginal adaptation (p:0.018) showed significant differences between 1-year and 5-year recall. Conclusions: The PCIARs demonstrated excellent clinical performance at 1-year period. The degradation parameters appeared as minor staining and minor irregularities after 5-year, without any affect on the clinical performance.Review Abstract parabolic problems with parameter and application(Elsevier Science inc, 2013) Shakhmurov, Veli B.; Sahmurova, AidaIn this work, the uniform well-posedenes of singular perturbation problems for parameter dependent parabolic differential-opera tor equations is established. These problems occur in phytoremediation modelling. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Article Academic domains as political battlegrounds: A global enquiry by 99 academics in the fields of education and technology(Sage Publications Ltd, 2017) Al Lily, Abdulrahman E.; Foland, Jed; Stoloff, David; Gogus, Aytac; Erguvan, Inan Deniz; Awshar, Mapotse Tome; Schrader, P. G.This article theorizes the functional relationship between the human components (i.e., scholars) and non-human components (i.e., structural configurations) of academic domains. It is organized around the following question: in what ways have scholars formed and been formed by the structural configurations of their academic domain? The article uses as a case study the academic domain of education and technology to examine this question. Its authorship approach is innovative, with a worldwide collection of academics (99 authors) collaborating to address the proposed question based on their reflections on daily social and academic practices. This collaboration followed a three-round process of contributions via email. Analysis of these scholars' reflective accounts was carried out, and a theoretical proposition was established from this analysis. The proposition is of a mutual (yet not necessarily balanced) power (and therefore political) relationship between the human and non-human constituents of an academic realm, with the two shaping one another. One implication of this proposition is that these non-human elements exist as political actors', just like their human counterparts, having agency' - which they exercise over humans. This turns academic domains into political (functional or dysfunctional) battlefields' wherein both humans and non-humans engage in political activities and actions that form the identity of the academic domain. For more information about the authorship approach, please see Al Lily AEA (2015) A crowd-authoring project on the scholarship of educational technology. Information Development. doi: 10.1177/0266666915622044.Review Academic Writing in a Global Context: The Politics and Practices of Publishing in English(Tesol, 2012) Yigitoglu, Nur[No Abstract Available]Review Academic Writing: At the Interface of Corpus and Discourse(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2012) Yigitoglu, Nur[No Abstract Available]Article Accelerating the reaction process of sodium carbonate-activated slag mixtures with the incorporation of a small addition of sodium hydroxide/sodium silicate(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Dai, Xiaodi; Ren, Qiang; Aydin, Serdar; Yardimci, Mert Yucel; De Schutter, GeertThis paper investigates the possibility of accelerating the slowly progressive early reaction process of sodium carbonate-activated slag mixtures by adding a small amount of sodium hydroxide or sodium silicate to the so-dium carbonate activator. The reaction process of sodium carbonate-activated slag mixtures was evaluated by isothermal calorimetry and ultrasonic wave technology. Test results showed that adding a small amount of so-dium hydroxide or sodium silicate to the sodium carbonate activator significantly accelerated the reaction process, resulting in shortened setting times and enhanced mechanical properties. Only 1% Na2O contribution from sodium hydroxide addition can lead to a 2-d compressive strength of 20 MPa for sodium carbonate -activated slag mixtures. In addition, the 28 days compressive strength was significantly higher than the sole sodium carbonate activator. The addition of sodium hydroxide or sodium silicate also considerably influenced the rheological behavior of the sodium carbonate-activated slag mixture, enhancing the structural build-up rate and transforming the shear-thinning behavior to Bingham or shear-thickening behavior. A more well-packed microstructure was observed in the mixtures with the addition of sodium hydroxide; however, more micro -cracks were observed in the mixtures with a small incorporation of sodium silicate.Article Accreditation: Crucial in World Trade, Public Safety, and Human Rights(Ieee-inst Electrical Electronics Engineers inc, 2014) Sevgi, LeventAccreditation is discussed. World-wide accreditation institutes are reviewed. Conformity Europe (CE) marking, procedures, and standards for accreditation, certification, and calibration are summarized through electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests and measurements. Error, uncertainty, and statistical evaluations and proficiency tests with typical results are presented.Article Accuracy of Digital Impressions Obtained Using Six Intraoral Scanners in Partially Edentulous Dentitions and the Effect of Scanning Sequence(Quintessence Publishing Co inc, 2021) Diker, Burcu; Tak, OnjenPurpose: To compare the accuracy of six intraoral scanners in two different partially edentulous maxillary models and to evaluate the effect of scanning sequence on accuracy. Materials and Methods: Maxillary Kennedy Class I and Class IV situations were used as reference models. The reference datasets were obtained by scanning the models using a highly accurate industrial scanner (ATOS Core 80, GOM). The following six intraoral scanners were evaluated: Trios 3 (3Shape), iTero Element 2 (Align Technology), Emerald (Planmeca), CEREC Omnicam (Dentsply Sirona), CEREC Primescan (Dentsply Sirona), and Virtuo Vivo (Dental Wings). A total of 120 scans from both models were obtained using the six intraoral scanners and divided into two groups based on scanning sequence. Accuracy was evaluated by deviation analysis using 3D image processing software (Geomagic Studio 12, 3D Systems). Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed (P <= .05) for statistical analysis. Results: There were significant differences in the accuracy of digital impressions among intraoral scanners and scanning sequences. The trueness of the Trios scanner and the precision of the Trios, Primescan, and iTero scanners were significantly higher than for the other scanners. The Emerald had the lowest accuracy among the six intraoral scanners tested. Accuracy was affected by scanning sequence when using the Virtuo Vivo, Emerald, Primescan, and iTero. Conclusion: In Kennedy Class I and Class IV partially edentulous cases, it is useful to consider that the intraoral scanner used may affect the accuracy of the digital impression.Article Accuracy of single implant scans with a combined healing abutment-scan body system and different intraoral scanners: An in vitro study(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Cakmak, Gulce; Donmez, Mustafa Borga; Atalay, Sevda; Yilmaz, Hakan; Kokat, Ali Murat; Yilmaz, BurakObjective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of single implant scans with a combined healing abutment-scan body (CHA-SB) system using different intraoral scanners. Methods: A partially edentulous model with an implant was fabricated, and a CHA-SB system was secured on the implant. The model was scanned using an industrial-grade blue light scanner (ATOS Core 80) and a master reference model was generated (MRM). The model was also scanned with 4 different intraoral scanners (IOSs) [(Virtuo Vivo (VV), TRIOS 3 (T3), Omnicam (CO), and Primescan (PS)]. Test scans (n = 8) were superimposed over the MRM using the best fit algorithm (GOM Inspect 2018; GOM GmbH). After superimpositions, distance and angular deviations at selected areas on CHA-SB system were calculated. The data were analyzed with a 1way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests for trueness and precision (alpha=0.05). Results: The differences in trueness (distance deviations) among tested IOSs were nonsignificant (P=.652). VV presented the highest angular deviations (P <=.031), and the angular deviations in other IOS scans were not found different (P >=.378). The precision of distance deviation data was not significantly different among scanners (P=.052). For the precision of angular deviation data, significant differences were found among IOSs (P=.002). Compared with PS (P=.007) and T3 (P=.014), VV had significantly lower precision, which was not significantly different than that of CO (P=.815). Conclusions: The accuracy (angular deviation) of scans of a combined healing abutment-scan body system on a single implant varied depending on the IOS. VirtuoVivo scans had the lowest accuracy in terms of angular deviations. When the distance deviation data were considered, scan accuracy of scanners was similar. Clinical Significance: A recently introduced combined healing abutment-scan body system combines the acquisition of both the implant and the soft tissue. When different intraoral scanners scan the combined healing abutment-scan body system, the scan accuracy may vary.Article Accuracy of six intraoral scanners for scanning complete-arch and 4-unit fixed partial dentures: An in vitro study(Mosby-elsevier, 2022) Diker, Burcu; Tak, OnjenStatement of problem. The digital scan accuracy of different intraoral scanners (IOSs) for long-span fixed prosthesis and the effect of the starting quadrant on accuracy is unclear. Purpose. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of 6 IOSs for complete-arch and prepared teeth digitally isolated from the complete-arch and to determine the effect of the starting quadrant on accuracy. Material and methods. A maxillary model containing bilaterally prepared canines, first molar teeth, and edentulous spans between the prepared teeth was used. The model was scanned by using a highly accurate industrial scanner to create a digital reference data set. Six IOSs were evaluated: TRIOS, iTero, Planmeca Emerald, Cerec Omnicam, Primescan, and Virtuo Vivo. The model was scanned 10 times with each IOS by 1 operator according to the protocols described by the manufacturers. Five scans were made starting from the right quadrant (ScanR), followed by 5 scans starting from the left quadrant (ScanL). All data sets were obtained in standard tessellation language (STL) file format and were used to evaluate accuracy (trueness and precision) with a 3D analyzing software program (Geomagic Studio 12; 3D Systems) by using a best-fit alignment. The prepared teeth were digitally isolated from the complete-arch and evaluated with the analyzing software program. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests were used to detect differences for trueness and precision (alpha=.05). Results. Statistically significant differences were found regarding IOSs (P<.003) and scanning sequence (P<.05). The TRIOS showed the best trueness for the complete-arch, but not statistically different from Primescan, Virtuo Vivo, and iTero (P>.003). The lowest median values for precision of the complete-arch were also found using TRIOS, but no significant difference was found among the scanners (P>.003). In terms of trueness and precision, Primescan had the best accuracy for preparations. Emerald showed significant differences depending on the scanning sequence for complete-arch accuracy. ScanR for trueness (P=.021) and ScanL for precision (P=.004) showed improved results. However, Emerald, TRIOS, and Virtuo Vivo showed statistically significant differences in precision of preparations depending on scanning sequence. ScanL deviated less than ScanR when scanned with TRIOS (P=.025) and Emerald (P=.004), and the opposite with Virtuo Vivo (P=.008). In terms of preparations trueness, no significant difference was found between the ScanR and ScanL of any IOS (P>.05). Conclusions. Based on this in vitro study, the accuracy of the complete-arch and prepared teeth differed according to the IOS and scanning sequence.Article Accurate Prediction of the Rheological Behavior of Mwcnt-Al2O3/ Water-Ethylene Glycol Nanofluid With Metaheuristic-Optimized Machine Learning Models(Elsevier France-Editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2025) Ru, Yi; Ali, Ali B. M.; Qader, Karwan Hussein; Abdulaali, Hanaa Kadhim; Jhala, Ramdevsinh; Ismailov, Saidjon; Mokhtarian, AliThe accurate prediction of the rheological properties of nanofluids is critical for optimizing their application in various industrial systems. This study focuses on the dynamic viscosity prediction of MWCNT-Al2O3/water (80 %) and ethylene glycol (20 %) hybrid nanofluid using machine learning approaches. A multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) was employed for viscosity prediction, and its structural and training parameters, including the number of hidden layers and neurons, learning rate, training technique, and transfer functions, were optimized using three metaheuristic algorithms: Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Marine Predators Algorithm (MPA). A dataset containing viscosity measurements influenced by nanoparticle volume fraction (VF), temperature (T), and shear rate (SR) was utilized. The optimization algorithms were evaluated over 10 and 20 runs for single-hidden-layer (1HL) and double-hidden-layer (2HL) MLPNNs, respectively. For the 1HL-MLPNN models, all three algorithms achieved nearly identical performance with high predictive accuracy (R = 0.99992, MSE = 0.00176). In contrast, for 2HL-MLPNN models, PSO outperformed MPA and GA with R = 0.99995 and MSE = 0.00105, followed by MPA (R = 0.99995, MSE = 0.00123) and GA (R = 0.99992, MSE = 0.00160). Also, sensitivity analysis revealed the VF as the most significant input parameter affecting viscosity predictions, followed by shear rate and temperature. These findings demonstrate the potential of metaheuristic-optimized MLPNNs for high-accuracy prediction of hybrid nanofluid rheological properties, facilitating improved design and application in thermal management systems.Article An adaptive algorithm for numerically solving fractional partial differential equations using Hermite wavelet artificial neural networks(Elsevier, 2024) Ali, Amina; Senu, Norazak; Wahi, Nadihah; Almakayeel, Naif; Ahmadian, AliThis study aims to develop a new strategy for solving partial differential equations with fractional derivatives (FPDEs) using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Numerical solutions to FPDEs are obtained through the Hermite wavelet neural network (HWNN) model. The Caputo fractional derivative is consistently applied throughout the research to address fractional -order partial differential problems. To enhance computational efficiency and expand the input pattern, the hidden layer is removed. A neural network (NN) model featuring a feed -forward architecture and error -back propagation without supervision is employed to optimize network parameters and minimize errors. Numerical illustrations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in preserving computational efficiency while solving FPDEs.Article Advanced Competent Bayesian Regularization Neural Network for Mathematical Modeling of the Immune Diabetes Regulation System(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2026) Sabir, Zulqurnain; Abdelkawy, M. A.; Umar, Muhammad; Salahshour, Soheil; Bhatti, Saira; Al-Mdallal, Qasem; Mohamed, MohamedIn this research, the numerical investigations of the fractional order immune diabetes regulation system by using a competent Bayesian regularization neural network procedure have been provided. The fractional order derivatives are used to get better results in comparison with the integer order. The division of the mathematical system is performed in resting and activated macrophages, and the antigen, autolytic, and beta cells. The data generalization is accessible by using the traditional Adam scheme in order to decrease the mean square error, while the data is separated into testing 16%, training 70%, and substantiation 14%. The designed neural network structure is updated by using the optimization tests through Bayesian regularization, a single layer sigmoid activation function, and twenty-five neurons. As conventional modeling schemes depend on shortening traditions or linear calculations, while the stochastic BRNN can perform complicated data patterns and deliver precise calculations of system performance. The correctness of the designed optimizer is obtained through the overlapping of the outcomes and lesser absolute error for each class of the model. Moreover, few curves based on state transitions, regression, error histograms provide the competences of the proposed solver.Correction Advanced Competent Bayesian Regularization Neural Network for Mathematical Modeling of the Immune Diabetes Regulation System (Vol 113, 109036, 2026)(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2026) Sabir, Zulqurnain; Abdelkawy, M. A.; Umar, Muhammad; Salahshour, Soheil; Bhatti, Saira; Al-Mdallal, Qasem; Mohamed, MohamedArticle Advancement in Calcium Looping for Carbon Capture: A Content and Bibliometric Review of 20 Years of Research(Wiley, 2025) Odoi-Yorke, Flavio; Agyekum, Ephraim Bonah; Abbey, Agnes Abeley; Jahangiri, Mehdi; Rashid, Farhan LaftaCarbon dioxide (CO2) emissions pose global challenges, necessitating carbon neutrality in future development. CO2 capture and energy storage technologies are crucial steps, with calcium looping (CaL) holding significant potential for both. This technology is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality in future strategies. This paper thoroughly reviews the use of CaL in CO2 capture and storage over the past two decades. It provides an overview of CaL's application, reviews research progress in CaL-integrated systems, discusses existing limitations, and highlights possibilities for future growth. According to the study, from 2003 to 2023, 692 documents were published on CaL. The annual growth rate of 18.92% indicates rapidly expanding research efforts and increasing recognition of CaL potential. Based on the findings, the field of CaL has evolved from understanding historical carbon cycles to incorporating advanced combustion techniques and renewable resources. Key concepts like "process simulation," "modeling," and "life cycle assessment (LCA)" have become more prominent in relation to the subject matter. The study indicates that CaL has significant potential for carbon capture (CC) and storage. However, future research should focus on sorbent development, process optimization, characterization, economic evaluations, and large-scale applications to improve efficiency.Review Advancements in MXenes and mechanochemistry: exploring new horizons and future applications(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024) Iravani, S.; Zarepour, A.; Nazarzadeh Zare, E.; Makvandi, P.; Khosravi, A.; Varma, R.S.; Zarrabi, A.MXenes, a class of two-dimensional (2D) materials derived from transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have garnered significant attention due to their unique properties and potential applications in various fields, including energy storage, catalysis, and electronics. Mechanochemistry, the study of chemical reactions driven by mechanical forces, offers a novel approach to synthesize and manipulate MXenes, enhancing their properties and expanding their functional applications. This review explores the intersection of MXenes and mechanochemistry, highlighting recent advancements in the mechanochemical synthesis of MXenes and their derivatives. We discuss the mechanisms underlying the mechanochemical processes, including the role of shear forces, ball milling, and other mechanical techniques in facilitating the exfoliation and functionalization of MXenes. Furthermore, we examine the impact of mechanochemical methods on the structural integrity, surface chemistry, and electronic properties of MXenes, which are crucial for their performance in applications such as supercapacitors, batteries, and sensors. This review also addresses the challenges and limitations associated with mechanochemical approaches, including scalability and reproducibility, while proposing future directions for research in this promising field. By integrating mechanochemistry with MXene research, we aim to provide insights into innovative strategies for the development of advanced materials that can meet the demands of next-generation technologies. This synthesis of knowledge not only underscores the versatility of MXenes but also emphasizes the transformative potential of mechanochemistry in materials science. © 2024 RSC.Article Advances and Future Directions in Sodium Borohydride-Based Hydrogen Storage: A Comprehensive Review(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Agyekum, E.B.; Oriquat, G.A.; Rashid, F.L.Metal complex hydrides offer high hydrogen storage capacity and safety advantages. This comprehensive review analyzes sodium borohydride (NaBH4)-based hydrogen storage studies from 2000 to 2025, confirming strong annual publication growth rate of 13.36% and a mean of 30.1 citations per article, indicating ongoing global interest. Literature has evolved from the early storage and kinetic research to advanced work on hydrolysis, methanolysis, catalysts design, and regeneration techniques on the basis of additives like ZrF4, TiF3, LaF3, and Mg-based materials to maximize hydrogen yield and minimize the energy requirements. Emerging themes like hybrid hydrogen carriers, graphene-supported catalysts, and synergistic systems reflect a shift towards versatile materials and real-world integration. According to the study, despite advances, challenges remain significant in the development of cost-effective, energy-efficient, and scalable regenerative methods. The factorial and thematic analyses reveal overlooked topics like solid-state storage and metathesis reactions. Also, publication trends worldwide, dominated by China (953 articles), reveal collaborative action and global imbalance, with low multiple-country publications registered in countries like Malaysia and India. To bridge gaps and accelerate commercialization, future research must focus on sustainable catalyst discovery, closed-loop technologies, and strengthening of global contribution through fair partnerships and collaborative innovation frameworks, putting NaBH4 on the table in the future hydrogen economy. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd.

