Review of Trends and Emerging Optimization Techniques for Battery Thermal Management – Traditional and Bibliometric Approach

Abstract

High temperatures can reduce battery life and possibly result in thermal runaway, so controlling the battery pack operation temperature is important for electric vehicle's performance as well as safety. This is accomplished with the help of a battery thermal management system (BTMS). In this study, a detailed review of different strategies that has been used to optimize and enhance different BTMSs has been conducted using a combination of the conventional and bibliometric approaches. Based on the analysis of the literature, it was found that several researchers in recent times have conducted studies that investigated creative design approaches, computational methods, optimal cooling, and structural improvements to improve battery performance, safety, and service life. Among the methods and materials employed in the various studies are genetic algorithms, mini-channels, composite phase change materials, orthogonal testing, nanofluids, and surrogate modeling. The study also discovered that while air-cooled BTMS provides simplicity, safety, and consistency, its use is restricted to low-capacity batteries due to its lower heat capacity. Although it needs a sealing cover to stop leaks, liquid-cooled BTMS was found to be promising. Additionally, liquid metals and nanofluids are also being explored due to their increased heat conductivity. The study also identified the limitations associated with the various cooling mechanisms. Some future research proposals were made including the need to improve thermal performance in real-time energy storage systems by combining artificial intelligence and passive cooling techniques with cutting-edge composite materials and hydrated salts. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd