Fabrication and Characterization of Biological Biosensors in Sports Injury Treatment: High Sensitivity of Silver Oxide Using Artificial Neural Network Modeling

Abstract

This study focuses on the potential of biosensor technology to revolutionize sports injury management. Conventional methods for sports injury management, such as physical examinations and imaging techniques, often lack the sensitivity and real-time monitoring capabilities required to track the healing process effectively. These methods are also invasive, relying on blood sampling, which can be uncomfortable for athletes. In contrast, the proposed wearable biosensor offers a non-invasive, painless alternative by measuring biomarkers like myoglobin and creatine kinase in sweat. This study introduces a novel graphene field-effect transistor biosensor integrated into a wristband, combined with an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict material properties and optimize biomarker detection. The results show the potential of this technology to revolutionize sports injury management by providing real-time, accurate, and non-invasive monitoring of injury progression and recovery. The results indicate that changes in compressive strength and porosity have an impact on dissolution rate, pore size growth, and chemical stability. Lower compressive strength leads to an increase in dissolution rate, while higher compressive strength promotes pore size growth and chemical stability. The accuracy of the ANN model's predictions was evaluated using linear regression and demonstrated acceptable error levels compared to experimental testing. Among the nanocomposite hydrogel scaffolds containing silver oxide nanoparticles, a specific sample showed noteworthy characteristics, including a compressive strength of 2.4 Mega Pascal, 55 % porosity, 22 % dissolution rate, 27 % pore size growth, and 65 % chemical stability. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd